Dual antiplatelet/anticoagulant pyridoxine analogs

ABSTRACT

Compounds with antiplatelet aggregation and anticoagulant characteristics for the treatment of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and cardiovascular related diseases and symptoms, are described. The methods are directed to administering pharmaceutical compositions comprising aryl sulfonic pyridoxine and/or substituted pyridoxine analogs.

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/622,627, filed Oct. 28, 2004, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to pyridoxine analogs and methods of treating cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and cardiovascular related diseases or symptoms by administering pharmaceutical compositions comprising pyridoxine analogs to inhibit coagulation and platelet aggregation.

BACKGROUND

Thrombosis, the development of blood clots within arterial vessels, is due to a complex mechanism involving the activation of both platelet aggregation and the coagulation protease cascade (Ann. Intern Med. (2001) 134: 224-38; N. Engl. J. Med. (2002) 347: 5-12; Thromb. Haemost. (2002) 86: 51-6). The pathways involved normally inhibit blood loss after vessel injury, but in thrombosis and related conditions, these reactions are inappropriately initiated and propagated.

On the molecular level, thrombosis is initiated by the release of mediators such as tissue factor (TF), von Willebrand Factor (vWF) (J. Thromb. Haemost. (2003) 1: 1602-12), and collagen from ruptured atherosclerotic plaques or from damaged blood vessels. Collagen and vWF bind to receptors on platelets and initiate their activation. Once activated, platelets release secretory granules containing ADP, ATP, and calcium (Curr. Opin. Hematol. (2001) 8: 270-6). Activated platelets also synthesize and release thromboxane. The released ADP and thromboxane bind to receptors on the platelets to further propagate platelet activation. Once platelets are activated they start aggregating to initiate clot formation.

TF and vWF also initiate the blood coagulation cascade, which consists of two separate pathways that converge on a common endpoint. Both pathways involve the serial activation of the serine protease clotting factors and ultimately lead to the activation of thrombin. Thrombin, once activated, cleaves fibrinogen to form fibrin. Thrombin, Factor Xa, and Factor VIIa can also activate platelets by cleaving the G protein-coupled protease-activated receptors PAR-1, PAR-3, and PAR-4 (Chest (2003) 124: 18S-25S). PAR-1, the prototype receptor, is activated following cleavage of its amino-terminal exodomain to produce a new amino-terminus (Cell (1991) 64: 1057-68). The new amino terminus then binds to the receptor to effect signaling (J. Biol. Chem. (1994) 269: 16041-45). PARs are therefore peptide receptors that contain their own ligand. PAR-2 is activated by trypsin and not by thrombin (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1994) 91: 9208-12).

Therefore, there is a need for compounds that inhibit the proteases of the blood and thus block platelet aggregation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One embodiment of the invention includes pyridoxine analogs, particularly bis-amidine pyridoxine analogs, and methods of treatment using therapeutically effective amounts of the pyridoxines. Another embodiment of the invention includes substituted bis-amidine pyridoxine analogs, compositions containing substituted pyridoxine analogs, and methods of treatment using therapeutically effective amounts of substituted bis-amidine pyridoxine analogs. Compounds and compositions of the invention are both antiplatelet and anticoagulant, and thus can be used to treat cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, or related diseases and symptoms thereof.

The invention provides an embodiment of the formula I:

-   -   wherein     -   R¹ is —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)OH, where m is an integer from 0 to 8, where         R⁷ is H, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or         O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is —NO₂, —NH₂, amidine, alkyl,         cycloalkyl, —CN,     -    R⁹ is H, OH, or O-alkyl, and where R⁸ is H, halo, alkyl,         cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is         as defined above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)O-alkyl, where m, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined             above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)O-aryl-R⁶, where m, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as             defined above;         -   (CR⁷R⁸)_(m)O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where m and R⁶ are as defined             above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n is an integer from 0 to 8,             and where R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as             defined above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as             defined above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸) _(n)—NH—CO-aryl-aryl-R⁶ where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are             as defined above;         -   —NH-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;             —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as             defined above; and         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are             as defined above;     -   R² is hydroxyl;         -   halo;         -   alkyl;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)—X, where m, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above, and             where X is H, OH, F, Cl, or Br;         -   —(CH₂)_(n)COOH, where n is as defined above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)COO(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)CH₃, where m, n, R⁷, and R⁸ are as             defined above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)NH(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)COOH, where m, n, R⁷, and R⁸ are as             defined above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined             above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as             defined above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)—CHF₂, where m, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined as             above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as             defined above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as             defined above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸ are as             defined above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)—NH—CO-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as             defined above;         -   NH-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as             defined above; and         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are             as defined above;     -   R³ is —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)OH, where m, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)O-alkyl, where m, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined             above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—O-aryl-R⁶, where m, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as             defined above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where m and R⁶ are as defined             above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)OH, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are defined above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ as defined             above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as             defined above;         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are             as defined above; and         -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are             as defined above;     -   R⁴ is H, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, CHF₂, CHO, and R²;     -   R⁵ is H, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, CHF₂, CHO, and R²; and     -   at least two of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ have amidine groups; or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, the invention provides compounds of formula II:

-   -   wherein

R¹ is hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or

-   -   where R⁶ is —NO₂, —NH₂, amidine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, —CN,         where R⁹ is H, OH, or O-alkyl

R⁴ is H;

-   -   halo;     -   aryl;     -   cycloalkyl;     -   arylalkyl;     -   CHF₂;     -   CHO;     -   alkyl;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)—X, where m is an integer from 0 to 8, where R⁷ is         H, F, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶,         where R⁸ is H, F, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or         O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above, and where X is         OH, F, or Br;     -   —(CH₂)_(n)COOH, where n is an integer from 0 to 8;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)COO(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)CH₃, where m, n, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)NH(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)COOH, where m, n, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined         above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CHF₂, where n, R⁷ and R⁸ are defined as above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined         above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶,R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined         above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   NH-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as         defined above; and     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as         defined above;

R⁵ is H aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, CHF₂, CHO, and R⁴, where R⁴ is a defined above;

G is C═O or (CR⁷R⁸)_(n)′, where n′=0, 1, 2 or 3, where R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above;

Y is C—H, C—F, C—OCH₃, C—OCF₃, C—CF₃, or N; and

at least two of R¹, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ have amidine groups; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides an embodiment of the formula I:

wherein

R¹ is —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)OH, where m is an integer from 0 to 8, where R⁷ is H, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is —NO₂, —NH₂, amidine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, —CN,

-   -    R⁹ is H, OH, or O-alkyl, and where R⁸ is H, halo, alkyl,         cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is         as defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)O-alkyl, where m, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above;     -   —(C⁷R⁸)_(m)O-aryl-R⁶, where m, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined         above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where m and R⁶ are as defined         above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n is an integer from 0 to 8, and         where R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined         above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-aryl-R⁶ where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —NH-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as         defined above; and     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as         defined above;

R² is hydroxyl;

-   -   halo;     -   alkyl;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)—X, where m, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above, and         where X is H, OH, F, Cl, or Br;     -   —(CH₂)_(n)COOH, where n is as defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)COO(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)CH₃, where m, n, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)NH(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)COOH, where m, n, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined         above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)—CHF₂, where m, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined as above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined         above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   NH-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as         defined above; and     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as         defined above;

R³ is —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)OH, where m, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above;

-   -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)O-alkyl, where m, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)O-aryl-R⁶, where m, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ is as defined         above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)OH, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined         above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —NH-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as         defined above; and     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as         defined above;

R⁴ is H, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, CHF₂, CHO, and R²;

R⁵ is H, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, CHF₂, CHO, and R²; and at least two of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ have amidine groups; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, the invention provides compounds of formula II:

-   -   wherein

R¹ is hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or

-   -   where R⁶ is —NO₂, —NH², amidine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, —CN,         where R⁹ is H,     -   OH, or O-alkyl

R⁴ is H;

-   -   halo;     -   aryl;     -   cycloalkyl;     -   arylalkyl;     -   CHF₂;     -   CHO;     -   alkyl;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)—X, where m is an integer from 0 to 8, where R⁷ is         H, F, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶,         where R⁸ is H, F, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or         O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above, and where X is         OH, F, or Br;     -   —(CH₂)_(n)COOH, where n is an integer from 0 to 8;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)COO(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)CH₃, where m, n, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)NH(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)COOH, where m, n, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined         above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CHF₂, where n, R⁷ and R⁸ are defined as above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined         above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   NH-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as         defined above; and     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as         defined above;

R⁵ is H, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, CHF₂, CHO, and R⁴, where R⁴ is a defined above;

G is C═O or (CR⁷R⁸)_(n)′, where n′=0, 1, 2 or 3, where R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above;

Y is C—H, C—F, C—OCH₃, C—OCF₃, C—CF₃, or N; and

at least two of R¹, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ have amidine groups; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The invention further provides an embodiment of the formula III:

wherein

R¹ is hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or

-   -   where R⁶ is —NO₂, —NH₂, amidine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, —CN,         where R⁹ is H, OH, or O-alkyl;

R₂ is CH₂OH;

-   -   CH₂OCH₃;     -   COZ, where Z=OH, OCH₃, OCH₂CH₃, or         where R⁶ is defined above;     -   CH₂OBn;     -   CH₃;     -   CH₂F;     -   CHF₂;     -   CH₂—NH—(CH₂)m′—COZ, where m′=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,         -   and where Z is as defined above; or     -   (CH₂)_(n′)—COZ, where n′=1, 2 or 3, and where Z is as defined         above;

A is O or NH;

W is C═O or (CH₂)_(n′), where n′ is as defined above;

E is C═O; (CH₂)_(n′), where n′ is as defined above; or CHR¹⁰, where R¹⁰ is CH₂COZ, where Z is as defined above;

Y is C—H, C—F, C—OCH₃, C—OCF₃, C—CF₃, or N;

R⁴ is H;

-   -   halo;     -   aryl;     -   cycloalkyl;     -   arylalkyl;     -   CHF₂;     -   CHO;     -   alkyl;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)—X, where m is an integer from 0 to 8, where R⁷ is         H, F, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶,         R⁸ is H, F, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or         O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above, and where X is         OH, F, or Br;     -   —(CH₂)_(n)COOH, where n is an integer from 0 to 8;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)COO(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)CH₃, where m, n, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)NH(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)COOH, where m, n, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined         above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CHF₂, where n, R⁷ and R⁸ are defined as above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined         above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)—NH—CO-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   NH-aryl-R⁶ where R⁶ is as defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as         defined above; and     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as         defined above;

R⁵ is H, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, CHF₂, CHO, and R⁴, where R⁴ is as defined above; and

at least two of R¹, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ have amidine groups; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, the invention provides compounds of formula IV:

wherein

R¹ is hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or

-   -   where R⁶ is —NO₂, —NH², amidine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, —CN,         where R⁹ is H, OH, or O-alkyl;

G is C═O or (CR⁷R⁸)_(n′), where n′=0, 1, 2, or 3, where R⁷ is H, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where R⁸ is H, F, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;

R⁴ is H;

-   -   halo;     -   aryl;     -   cycloalkyl;     -   arylalkyl;     -   CHF₂;     -   CHO;     -   alkyl;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)—X, where m is an integer from 0 to 8, where R⁷ and         R⁸, and where X is OH, F, Cl, or Br;     -   —(CH₂)_(n)COOH, where n is an integer from 0 to 8;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)COO(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)CH₃, where m, n, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)NH(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)COOH, where m, n, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined         above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CHF₂, where n, R⁷ and R⁸ are defined as above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as         defined above;     -   NH-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above;     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as         defined above; and     -   —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶ where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as         defined above;

R⁵ is H, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, CHF₂, CHO, and R⁴, where R⁴ is as defined above; and

at least two of R¹, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ have amidine groups; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The invention provides an embodiment of the formula V:

wherein

R¹ is hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkyl-aryl-R⁵, where R⁵ is —CN, amidine, alkyl, or cycloalkyl;

R² is alkyl;

-   -   —(CH₂)_(m)—X, where m is an integer from 1 to 8 and X is OH or         halo;     -   —(CH₂)_(n)COOH, where n is an integer from 0 to 8;     -   —(CH₂)_(n)COO(CH₂)_(n)CH₃, where n is as defined above;     -   —(CH₂)_(n)NH(CH₂)_(n)COOH, where n is as defined above;     -   —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl-R⁶, where n is as defined above, and R⁶ is —CN         or amidine;     -   —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n and R⁶ are as defined above;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)—CHF₂, where m is defined as above;     -   —(CH₂)_(n)—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n is as defined above and R⁶ is as         defined above;     -   —(CH₂)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-R⁵, where n and R⁵ are as defined above;     -   —(CH₂)_(n)—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n and R⁶ are as defined above;         -   —(CH₂)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-aryl-R⁷, where n is as defined above             and R⁷ is —CN, —NO₂, NH₂, or amidine; and     -   —NH-aryl-R⁷ where R⁷ is as defined above;

R³ is —(CH₂)_(m)OH, where m is as defined above;

-   -   —(CH₂)_(n)—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n is as defined above and R⁶ is as         defined above;     -   —(CH₂)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-R⁵, where n and R⁵ are as defined above;     -   —(CH₂)_(n)—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n and R⁶ are as defined above;         -   —(CH₂)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-aryl-R⁷, where n is as defined above             and R⁷ is —CN, —NO₂, NH₂, or amidine; and         -   —NH-aryl-R⁷, where R⁷ is as defined above;

R⁴ is H, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, CHF₂, CHO, and R², where R² is as defined above; and

at least two of R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ have amidine groups; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, the invention provides compounds of formula VI:

wherein

R¹ is hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or

-   -   where R⁸ is         where R⁹ is H, OH or O-alkyl;

G is C═O or (CH₂)_(n′) where n=0, 1, 2 or 3;

Y¹, Y², Y³, Y⁴, and Y⁵ are C—H and optionally one of Y¹-Y⁵ is N; and

R¹⁰ is H, F, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CF₃;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Definitions

As used herein “alkyl” includes a saturated linear or branched hydrocarbon radical. In one embodiment, alkyl has from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, alkyl has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, alkyl has from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, and the like. The alkyl group may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents such as halo, for example, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, alkoxy groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms (e.g., methoxy or ethoxy), or amido groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, such as acetamido. These substituents may themselves be substituted with one or more functional groups such as hydroxy groups, carboxy groups, acetoxy groups, or halogens.

As used herein “cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated hydrocarbon having from 3 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably 3 to 6 carbon atoms, such as, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like.

As used herein “aryl” means a mono- or poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbon radical. Examples of “aryl” groups include, but are not limited to aromatic hydrocarbons such as a phenyl group or a naphthyl group. The aromatic group may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents such as halo, for example, fluorine, chlorine, alkyl groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms (e.g., methyl or ethyl), alkoxy groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms (e.g., methoxy or ethoxy), alkoxyalkyl groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms and one or more oxygen atoms, or amido groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, such as acetamido. These substituents may themselves be substituted with one or more functional groups such as hydroxy groups, carboxy groups, acetoxy groups, or halogens.

In one embodiment, aryl is a phenyl group or a naphthyl group that is either unsubstituted or substituted.

In another embodiment, aryl is a heteroaryl such as a five or six membered ring in which one or more of the carbon atoms of an aromatic hydrocarbon is substituted with a nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen, or a combination thereof. Examples of a “heteroaryl” include, but are not limited to pyridine, pyrimidine, pyran, dioxin, oxazine, and oxathiazine. Likewise, the heteroaryl may optionally be substituted with functional groups such as hydroxy groups, carboxy groups, halogens, and amino groups.

As used herein, “amidine” means a group having the formula:

The invention also includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention. The compounds of the invention are capable of forming both pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition and/or base salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the compounds of the invention include salts derived from nontoxic inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, hydrofluoric, phosphorous, and the like, as well as the salts derived from nontoxic organic acids, such as aliphatic mono- and di-carboxylic acids, phenyl-substituted alkanoic acids, hydroxy alkanoic acids, alkanedioic acids, aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids, etc. Such salts thus include sulfate, pyrosulfate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, nitrate, phosphate, monohydrogenphosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, trifluoroacetate, propionate, caprylate, isobutyrate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, suberate, sebacate, fumarate, maleate, mandelate, benzoate, chlorobenzoate, methylbenzoate, dinitrobenzoate, phthalate, benzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, phenylacetate, citrate, lactate, maleate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, and the like. Also contemplated are salts of amino acids such as arginate and the like and gluconate, galacturonate, n-methyl glucamine, etc. (see Berge et al., J. Pharmaceutical Science, 66: 1-19 (1977). The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” also includes any pharmaceutically acceptable base salt including, but not limited to, amine salts, trialkyl amine salts and the like. Such salts can be formed quite readily by those skilled in the art using standard techniques.

The acid addition salts of the basic compounds are prepared by contacting the free base form with a sufficient amount of the desired acid to produce the salt in the conventional manner. The free base form may be regenerated by contacting the salt form with a base and isolating the free base in the conventional manner. The free base forms differ from their respective salt forms somewhat in certain physical properties such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to their respective free base for purposes of the present invention. Base salts are formed with metals or amines, such as alkali and alkaline earth metals or organic amines. Examples of metals used as cations include, but are not limited to, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium. Examples of suitable amines are N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, and procaine.

Some of the compounds described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms which may be defined in terms of absolute stereochemistry as (R)- or (S)-. The present invention is meant to include all such possible diastereomers and enantiomers as well as their racemic and optically pure forms. Optically active (R)- and (S)-isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques. When the compounds described herein contain centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers. Likewise all tautomeric forms are intended to be included.

General Methods for Preparing Compounds of Formulae I to VI

Based on the numbering indicated in Formulae I, II and III, the following general methods outline the strategy for preparation of the various bis-amidines described herein. These methods describe modifications on the core pyridine ring of pyridoxine wherein an amidine or precursor or equivalent is installed at one of the positions R¹-R⁵ (Formula 1), and a second amidine or precursor or equivalent is installed at one of the remaining ring positions. The compounds are generally prepared by combining an aldehyde, carboxylic acid, halide, or amine at a desired position with a complimentary aldehyde, carboxylic acid, halide, or amine group under conditions known to those skilled in the art, to produce an elaborated pyridine structure as shown in Schemes 1-4. The general methods for preparing the compounds of the formulae comprise of protecting the hydroxyl groups at R₁ and R₂ of pyridoxine with known blocking groups such as esters, ethers, cyclic acetals, cyclic ketals, etc. A thorough description of the application of such blocking groups is described in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, Third Edition, T. W. Greene, P. G. M. Wuts, Wiley-Interscienc (1999). Subsequent elaboration at R³ can be achieved by generating an aldehyde, acid, halide, or amine functionality as shown in Schemes 1-4, and coupling with a suitable R⁶-substituted aryl/biaryl agent. Substituent R⁶ may be a nitro, amino, or cyano group that can be converted to an amidine by known chemical procedures.

Where the dashed lines are (CH₂)_(n), and n is an integer from 0 to 8. The aryl amine can also be a biaryl amine, and R⁶ is as defined above.

Where the dashed lines are (CH₂)_(n), and n is an integer from 0 to 8. The aryl amine can also be a biaryl amine, and R⁶ is as defined above.

Where the dashed lines are (CH₂)_(n), and n is an integer from 0 to 8. The aryl aldehyde can also be a biaryl aldehyde, and R⁶ is as defined above.

Where the dashed lines are (CH₂)_(n), and n is an integer from 0 to 8. The aryl carboxylic acid can also be a biaryl carboxylic acid, and R⁶ is as defined above. Assembly of the bis-amidine precursor then involves deprotection at R¹ and R², and subsequent O-alkylation at R¹ under conditions known to those skilled in the art, gives the bis-amidine and/or precursor as shown in Scheme 5.

Where the dashed lines are (CH₂)_(n), and n is an integer from 0 to 8. The initial amidine bearing substituent may be introduced at a position other than R³. For example, protecting R¹ and R³ with known blocking groups such as esters, ethers, cyclic acetals, cyclic ketals, etc., and elaborating R² through generating an aldehyde, acid, halide, or amine functionality and condensing with an appropriately functionalized amidine precursor bearing reagent under conditions known to those skilled in the art can be achieved as shown in Scheme 6. A second amidine carrying substituent can be introduced for example, as shown in Scheme 5 above if not already installed.

Where the dashed lines are (CH₂)_(n), and n is an integer from 0 to 8. Where R³ is CH₂OR′ (R′ is a hydroxyl protecting group) or alternatively, R³ is (CH₂)_(n)—Het-Ar—X, where n is an integer from 0 to 8, Ar—X is any aromatic terminating in a cyano, nitro, amidine, or amine and Het is O, NH, or NH flanked on either side with a carbonyl (C═O).

Other positions on the pyridoxine ring can also be substituted according to the aforementioned general schemes to provide a variety of bis-amidines on the pyridine ring of pyridoxine or one of its derivatives. Substitutions are not specific to the positions described above.

To provide further structural variations on the pyridine core of the pyridoxine bis-amidine series of compounds described herein, the starting material can include any commercially available pyridoxine derivative such as 4-deoxypyridoxine (R¹═OH, R²═CH₃, R³═CH₂OH, R⁴═H, R⁵═CH₃), and the methods described in the previous Schemes can be utilized to derive the novel bis-amidines from these starting materials as described herein. Other modifications at R² that lead to modified pyridoxine precursors suitable for the synthesis of novel bis-amidines are shown in Scheme 7. Note, fluorination is only one type of functional modification that can be carried out at position R² once the aldehyde is reduced.

Where the dashed lines are (CH₂)_(n), and n is an integer from 0 to 8. R⁷ can represent an alkyl chain, branched or straight chain, and may include or terminate with a functional group.

The pyridine ring can be modified at R⁴ by protecting the three hydroxyl groups of pyridoxine, then forming the N-oxide using reagents such as m-chlorobenzoic acid and carrying out aromatic nucleophilic substitutions using Grignard reagents or other methods known to those skilled in the art. A second approach to modification of this position is to employ the Diels Alder route to construct the pyridine ring of pyridoxine as shown in Scheme 8. The first step is to prepare diene A from the appropriate acyclic precursors, and secondly to form adduct C by reaction with appropriately functionalized dienophile B. The R¹′, R²′ and R^(3′) precursors can in turn, be converted to R¹, R² and R³ under conditions known to those skilled in the art.

With the modification at R⁴ now in hand, assembly of the bis-amidine can proceed as described in the previous schemes.

Modification at R⁵ can be carried out conveniently after the bis-amidine precursor has been assembled as shown in Scheme 9. When R⁵ is an alkyl group such as the methyl group and when pyridoxine is the starting material, preparation of the N-oxide, as mentioned earlier, and subsequent treatment with trifluoroacetic anhydride leads to oxidation at this position to a hydroxyl group. The hydroxyl functionality can be converted to many other functional groups (i.e. OH→F) under conditions known to those skilled in the art.

Where the dashed lines are (CH₂)_(n), and n=0-8 and R⁶ is as defined above. The above methods for preparing bis-amidines can also be applied to preparing blocked amidines that can behave as prodrugs. The term prodrug is used to describe compounds that are metabolized in the body to form compounds that are pharmacologically active. Simple examples of prodrugs of amidines are shown in Scheme 9.

The methods described above pertain to preparing bis-amidines utilizing any of the positions R¹-R⁵ of pyridoxine, and in addition, extending the functionality of any or all of the remaining positions.

Conditions to Be Treated

In one embodiment of the invention, compounds of the invention can be used to treat cardiovascular or related diseases. Cardiovascular or related diseases include, for example, cerebral ischemia, cerebral hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, hypertension, myocardial infarction, ischemia reperfusion injury, myocardial ischemia, congestive heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy, thrombotic disorders related to coagulation enzymes and/or platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation. Cardiovascular or related diseases also include diseases that arise from thrombotic and prothrombotic states in which the coagulation cascade is activated such as, for example: arterial thrombosis, such as heart attack and stroke or peripheral arterial disease, such as intermittent claudication, or deep vein thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and pulmonary embolism.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

Although it is possible for compounds of the invention to be administered alone in a unit dosage form, the compounds are typically administered in admixture with a carrier as a pharmaceutical composition to provide a unit dosage form. The invention provides pharmaceutical compositions containing at least one compound of the invention. A pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in combination with a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of the invention.

A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes, but is not limited to, physiological saline, ringers, phosphate-buffered saline, and other carriers known in the art. Pharmaceutical compositions can also include additives such as, for example, stabilizers, antioxidants, colorants, excipients, binders, thickeners, dispersing agents, readsorpotion enhancers, buffers, surfactants, preservatives, emulsifiers, isotonizing agents, and diluents. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and additives are chosen such that side effects from the pharmaceutical compound are minimized and the performance of the compound is not canceled or inhibited to such an extent that treatment is ineffective.

Methods of preparing pharmaceutical compositions containing a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in combination with a therapeutic compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt of a compound of the invention are known to those of skill in the art. All methods can include the step of bringing the compound of the invention in association with the carrier and additives. The formulations generally are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the compound of the invention into association with a liquid carrier or a finely divided solid carrier or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired unit dosage forms.

For oral administration as a tablet or capsule, the compositions can be prepared according to techniques well known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation. The compositions can contain microcrystalline cellulose for imparting bulk, alginic acid or sodium alginate as a suspending agent, methylcellulose as a viscosity enhancer, and sweeteners or flavoring agents. As immediate release tablets, the compositions can contain microcrystalline cellulose, starch, magnesium stearate and lactose or other excipients, binders, extenders, disintegrants, diluents and lubricants known in the art.

For administration by inhalation or aerosol, the compositions can be prepared according to techniques well known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation. The compositions can be prepared as solutions in saline, using benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art.

For administration as injectable solutions or suspensions, the compositions can be formulated according to techniques well-known in the art, using suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, such as sterile oils, including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid.

For rectal administration as suppositories, the compositions can be prepared by mixing with a suitable non-irritating excipient, such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride esters or polyethylene glycols, which are solid at ambient temperatures, but liquefy or dissolve in the rectal cavity to release the drug.

Method of Treatment Using Compounds of the Invention

In another aspect of the invention, methods are provided for the treatment of cardiovascular or related diseases and symptoms thereof.

As used herein, the terms “treatment” and “treating” include inhibiting, alleviating, and healing cardiovascular or related diseases or symptoms thereof. Treatment can be carried out by administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of the invention. A “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein includes a prophylactic amount, for example an amount effective for alleviating or healing the above mentioned diseases or symptoms thereof.

A physician or veterinarian of ordinary skill readily determines a mammalian subject who is exhibiting symptoms of any one or more of the diseases described above. Regardless of the route of administration selected, a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt of a compound of the invention can be formulated into pharmaceutically acceptable unit dosage forms by conventional methods known in the pharmaceutical art. An effective but nontoxic quantity of the compound is employed in treatment. The compounds can be administered in enteral unit dosage forms, such as, for example, tablets, sustained-release tablets, enteric coated tablets, capsules, sustained-release capsules, enteric coated capsules, pills, powders, granules, solutions, and the like. They can also be administered parenterally, such as, for example, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intradermally, intramammarally, intravenously, and by other administrative methods known in the art.

The ordinarily skilled physician or veterinarian will readily determine and prescribe the therapeutically effective amount of the compound to treat the disease for which treatment is administered. In so proceeding, the physician or veterinarian could employ relatively low dosages at first, subsequently increasing the dose until a maximum response is obtained. Typically, the particular disease, the severity of the disease, the compound to be administered, the route of administration, and the characteristics of the mammal to be treated, for example, age, sex, and weight, are considered in determining the effective amount to administer. Administering a therapeutic amount of a compound of the invention for treating cardiovascular or related diseases or symptoms thereof, is in a range of about 0.1-100 mg/kg of a patient's body weight, more preferably in the range of about 0.5-50 mg/kg of a patient's body weight, per daily dose. The compound can be administered for periods of short and long duration. Although some individual situations can warrant to the contrary, short-term administration, for example, 30 days or less, of doses larger than 25 mg/kg of a patient's body weight is preferred to long-term administration. When long-term administration, for example, months or years, is required, the suggested dose usually does not exceed 25 mg/kg of a patient's body weight.

A therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable addition salt of a compound of the invention for treating the above-identified diseases or symptoms thereof can be administered prior to, concurrently with, or after the onset of the disease or symptom. A compound of the invention can be administered concurrently. “Concurrent administration” and “concurrently administering” as used herein includes administering a compound of the invention and another therapeutic agent in admixture, such as, for example, in a pharmaceutical composition or in solution, or separately, such as, for example, separate pharmaceutical compositions or solutions administered consecutively, simultaneously, or at different times but not so distant in time such that the compound of the invention and the other therapeutic agent cannot interact and a lower dosage amount of the active ingredient cannot be administered.

In one embodiment of the invention, a method is provided for treating cardiovascular or related diseases comprising administering to a mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable addition salt of a compound of the invention in a unit dosage form. The cardiovascular or related diseases that can be treated include cerebral ischemia, ischemia reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, blood coagulation, or platelet aggregation. Preferably, the cardiovascular disease treated is ischemia reperfusion injury.

The compound of the invention can also be administered to treat cardiovascular diseases and other diseases that arise from thrombotic and prothrombotic states in which the coagulation cascade is activated, such as, for example, venous thrombosis, coagulation syndromes, deep vein thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, Kasabach-Merritt syndrome, pulmonary embolism, cerebral thrombosis, atrial fibrillation, cerebral embolism, myocardial infarction, stroke, thromboembolic complications of surgery (i.e., hip replacement, endarterectomy, introduction of artificial heart valves, vascular grafts, and mechanical organs), implantation or transplantation of organ, tissue, or cells, and peripheral arterial occlusion. A compound of the invention may also be useful in the treatment of complications of medications (i.e., oral contraceptives, hormone replacement, and heparin). A compound of the invention may also be useful in the treatment of adult respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, septicemia, or inflammatory responses, such as edema and acute or chronic atherosclerosis, because thrombin has been shown to activate a large number of cells outside of the coagulation process, such as, for example, neutrophils, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. A compound of the invention may be useful in preventing thrombosis associated with artificial heart valves, stents, and ventricular enlargement including dilated cardiac myopathy and heart failure. A compound of the invention may be useful in treating thrombosis due to confinement (i.e. immobilization, hospitalization, bed rest etc.).

The method for treating cardiovascular or related diseases can further comprise concurrent administration of other therapeutic agents already known to be suitable for treating the above-identified diseases. For example, methods of the invention include concurrently administering a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt of a compound of the invention in combination with a therapeutic cardiovascular compound to myocardial ischemia, ischemia reperfusion injury, or myocardial infarction. Preferably, the cardiovascular disease treated is ischemia reperfusion injury.

The compounds of the invention can also be used in combination with other therapeutic cardiovascular compounds that are generally used to treat cardiovascular or related diseases as well as symptoms thereof. A skilled physician or veterinarian readily determines a subject who is exhibiting symptoms of any one or more of the diseases described above and makes the determination about which compound is generally suitable for treating specific cardiovascular conditions and symptoms.

For example, myocardial ischemia can be treated by the administration of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt of a compound of the invention concurrently with another therapeutic agent. Other suitable therapeutic agents include, for example, a angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, a calcium channel blocker, an antithrombolytic agent, a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, a diuretic, an α-adrenergic receptor antagonist, or a mixture thereof.

Myocardial infarction can be treated by the administration of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt of a compound of the invention concurrently with another therapeutic agent. Other suitable therapeutic agents include, for example, a angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, a calcium channel blocker, an antithrombolytic agent, a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, a diuretic, an α-adrenergic receptor antagonist, or a mixture thereof.

Blood clots in the arteries (arterial thrombosis) or veins (venous thrombosis) can be reduced or removed by the administration of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt of a compound of the invention concurrently with a anti-platelet agent such as clopidogrel, aspirin, dipyridamole, etc., glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor such as integrillin etc., or by anticoagulant such as UFH (unfractionated heparins) or LMWH (low molecular weight heparins) or by hirudin or argatroban etc.

Ischemia reperfusion injury can be treated by the administration of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt of a compound of the invention concurrently with another therapeutic agent. Other suitable therapeutic agents include, for example, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, a calcium channel blocker, or a mixture thereof.

These compounds are also useful in preventing thrombosis and complications in patients genetically predisposed to arterial thrombosis or venous thrombosis (including activated protein C resistance, FV_(leiden), Prothrombin 20210, elevated coagulation factors FVII, FVIII, FIX, FX, FXI, prothrombin, TAFI and fibrinogen), elevated levels of homocystine, and deficient levels of antithrombin, protein C, and protein S. The inventive compounds may be used for treating heparin-intolerant patients, including those with congenital and acquired antithrombin III deficiencies, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and those with high levels of polymorphonuclear granulocyte elastase.

The present compounds may also be used to inhibit blood coagulation in connection with the preparation, storage, fractionation, or use of whole blood. For example, the compounds may be used to maintain whole and fractionated blood in the fluid phase such as required for analytical and biological testing, e.g., for ex vivo platelet and other cell function studies, bioanalytical procedures, and quantitation of blood-containing components. The compounds may be used as anticoagulants in extracorpeal blood circuits, such as those necessary in dialysis and surgery (such as coronary artery bypass surgery); for maintaining blood vessel patency in patients undergoing transluminal coronary angioplasty, vascular surgery including bypass grafting, arterial reconstruction, atherectomy, vascular graft and stent patency, tumor cell metastasis, and organ, tissue, or cell implantation and transplantation.

The inventive compounds are also useful as anti-inflammatory agents, in treating chronic asthma, allergic rhinitis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, pancreatis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, septic shock, and chronic inflammatory joint diseases, diseases of joint cartilage destruction, and/or vascular damage due to bacterial and/or viral infections. Additionally, the inventive compounds may be useful for treating diabetic retinopathy or motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, progressive muscular atrophy, and primary lateral sclerosis. Additionally, the inventive compounds may be useful for tissue remodeling diseases and for treating plaque instability and sequelli. In addition, these compounds may be useful for treating fibrotic diseases and conditions, for example, fibrosis, scleroderma, pulmonary fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, myocardial fibrosis, neurofibromas, and hypertrophic scars.

In addition, the compounds of the present invention are useful in treating cancer and preventing the prothrombotic complications of cancer. In view of their metastasis inhibition activity, the compounds are useful in treating tumor growth, as an adjunct to chemotherapy, and for treating diseases involving metastases including, but not limited to cancer, more particularly, cancer of the lung, prostate, colon, breast, ovaries, and bone. These compounds may also be useful in preventing angiogenesis.

The inventive compounds may also be used in combination with other antithrombotic or anticoagulant drugs such as thrombin inhibitors, platelet aggregation inhibitors such as aspirin, clopidogrel, ticlopidine or CS-747, warfarin, low molecular weight heparins (such as LOVENOX), AT-III binding pentasaccharides or heparin-derived oligosaccharides, GPIIb/GPIIIa blockers, PAI-I inhibitors such as XR-330 and T-686, inhibitors of α-2-antiplasmin such as anti-α-2-antiplasmin antibody and thromboxane receptor antagonists (such as ifetroban), prostacyclin mimetics, phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, such as dipyridamole or cilostazol, PDE inhibitors in combination with thromboxane receptor antagonists/thromboxane A synthetase inhibitors (such as picotamide), serotonin-2-receptor antagonists (such as ketanserin), fibrinogen receptor antagonists, hypolipidemic agents, such as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, e.g., pravastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, cerivastatin, AZ4522, itavastatin (Nissan/Kowa), microsomal triglyceride transport protein inhibitors (such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,739,135, 5,712,279 and 5,760,246), antihypertensive agents such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (e.g., captopril, lisinopril or fosinopril); angiotensin-II receptor antagonists (e.g., irbesartan, losartan or valsartan), and/or ACE/NEP inhibitors (e.g., omapatrilat and gemopatrilat), β-blockers (such as propranolol, nadolol and carvedilol), PDE inhibitors in combination with aspirin, ifetroban, picotamide, ketanserin, or clopidogrel. The inventive compounds are also useful in combination with anti-arrhythmic agents such as for atrial fibrillation, for example, amiodarone or dofetilide.

The inventive compounds may also be useful in combination with other anticancer strategies and chemotherapies such as taxol and/or cisplatin.

The compounds may act synergistically with one or more of the above agents. For example, the inventive compounds may act synergistically with the above agents to prevent reocclusion following a successful thrombolytic therapy and/or reduce the time to reperfusion. Thus, reduced doses of thrombolytic agent(s) may be used, therefore minimizing potential hemorrhagic side effects.

Additionally, medical devices can be coated with the compounds of the invention or pharmaceutically acceptable acid salts of the compound alone or in mixture with other suitable therapeutic agents (e.g., an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor). Medical devices that can be coated with the compounds of the invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof alone or in mixture with other suitable therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, intravascular stents and catheters. Intravascular stents are used to prevent blood vessel wall collapse. Drug-eluting stents are coated with a mixture of polymers and drug to prevent restenosis. Examples of drug-eluting stents are the CYPHER™ sirolimus-eluting stent (Cordis Corp., Miami, Fla.) and TAXUS™ paclitaxel-eluting stent (Boston Scientific Corp., Natick, Mass.).

This invention is further characterized by the following examples. These examples are not meant to limit the scope of the invention but are provided for exemplary purposes to more fully describe the invention. Variation within the scope of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

EXAMPLES

All reagents used were purchased from standard commercial sources, or synthesized by known literature methods. HPLC analysis was performed using a Water 996 PDA High performance Liquid chromatograph equipped with a Water 600 controller. Signals were detected with a photodiode array detector (set at max plot 254-400 nm). NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AM-300 instrument (¹³C, ¹⁹F and ³¹P at 75.5, 282 and 121 MHz respectively) and were calibrated using residual nondeuterated solvent as the internal reference. All ¹⁹F spectra are reported using hexafluorobenzene (δ-162.9 ppm) as the external standard while ³¹P spectra were collected using 85% H₃PO₄ (δ0.0 ppm) as the external reference.

Example 1 Synthesis of 4-{[3-(4-Cyano-benzyloxy)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzonitrile (2)

A mixture of 4-[(3-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-amino]-benzonitrile (1)* (404 mg, 1.5 mmol), α-bromo-p-tolunitrile (322 mg, 1.65 mmol), potassium carbonate (622 mg, 4.5 mmol) and DMF (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere overnight. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness, and the crude product purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient of dichloromethane:methyl alcohol (9:1) as eluant to give 4-{[3-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzonitrile (2) (348 mg, 60% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 8.32 (s, 1H), 7.83-7.74 (m, 3H), 7.56 (t, 1H), 7.44 (d, 2H), 6.76 (t, 1H), 6.69 (d, 2H), 5.32 (s, 1H), 4.95 (s, 2H), 4.59 (s, 2H), 4.31 (d, 2H), 2.47 (s, 3H). *U.S. Pat. No. 6,417,204B1(2002)

Example 2 Synthesis of 4-{[3-(4-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine (3)

Hydrogen chloride gas was bubbled into a suspension of 4-{[3-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzonitrile (2) (102 mg, 0.265 mmol) in absolute ethyl alcohol (100 mL) at room temperature for 30 minutes. The septum was replaced and the reaction mixture was stirred for overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was purged with nitrogen gas for 2 hours to remove excess hydrogen chloride and the solvent evaporated to give the crude imino ester as a solid. Ammonia in methyl alcohol (10 mL, 7M, 70 mmol) was then added to the crude amide ester and stirred overnight at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated and the product purified on a silica gel column using a mixture of water:methyl alcohol:chloroform (1:10:20) as eluant to give the corresponding 4-{[3-(4-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine (3) as a light yellow solid.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.30 (s, 1H), 7.93 (t, 1H), 7.81 (d, 1H), 7.60-7.56 (m, 3H), 7.43 (t, 1H), 6.75 (d, 2H), 5.01 (s, 2H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 4.46 (s, 2H), 2.57 (s, 3H).

MS m/z (ES⁺): 420.40 (M+H⁺).

Example 3 Synthesis of 4′-{[5-(4-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-biphenyl-4-carbonitrile (4)

A mixture of 4′-[(5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-amino]-biphenyl-4-carbonitrile (4) (691 mg, 2.0 mmol), α-bromo-p-tolunitrile (392 mg, 2.0 mmol), cesium carbonate (1303 mg, 4.0 mmol) and DMF (20 mL) was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere overnight. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness, and the crude product purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient of dichloromethane:methyl alcohol (20:1) as eluant to give product 4′-{[5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-biphenyl-4-carbonitrile (5) (513 mg, 56% yield).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, 2H), 7.81-7.71 (m, 6H), 7.54 (d, 2H), 6.73 (d, 2H), 6.54 (t, 1H), 5.32 (t, 1H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 4.65 (d, 2H), 4.50 (d, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H).

Example 4 Synthesis of 4′-{[5-(4-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-biphenyl-4-carboxamidine (6)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (5) to bis-amidine (6) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.69-7.43 (m, 8H), 7.32 (d, 2H), 6.50 (d, 2H), 6.34 (t, 1H), 5.17 (t, 1H), 4.81 (s, 2H), 4.43 (d, 2H), 4.26 (d, 2H), 2.17 (s, 3H).

MS m/z (ES⁺): 495.48 (M+H⁺).

Example 5 Synthesis of 4-{[5-(4-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzonitrile (8)

The coupling of 4-[(5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-amino]-benzonitrile (805 mg, 3.0 mmol) (7) and α-bromo-p-tolunitrile (588 mg, 3.0 mmol), as described in Example 3, gave 4-{[5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzonitrile (8) (23 mg, 9% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.35 (s, 1H), 7.72 (d, 2H), 7.58 (d, 2H), 7.46 (d, 2H), 6.68 (d, 2H), 5.01 (s, 2H), 4.76 (s, 2H), 4.45 (s, 2H), 2.56 (s, 3H).

Example 6 Synthesis of 4-{4-Hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-5-[(4-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-methyl]-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl}-benzamidine (9)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (8) to bis-amidine (9) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.91 (d, 2H), 7.81 (d, 2H), 7.66 (d, 2H), 6.81 (d, 2H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 4.68 (s, 2H), 2.51 (s, 3H).

MS m/z (ES⁺): 419.61 (M+H⁺).

Example 7 Synthesis of 4-{[5-(4-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-fluoromethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzonitrile (10)

To a solution of 4-{[5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzonitrile (8) (1765 mg, 4.60 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (200 mL) was slowly added diethylaminosulfurtrifluoride (DAST) (741 mg, 4.6 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (50 mL) at −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction temperature was warmed to −40° C. and stirred for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was then poured into a cold solution of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, and the crude product was extracted with dichloromethane, washed with water, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent gave a crude residue, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane:hexane:methyl alcohol (15:10:1) as an eluant to give 4-{[5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-fluoromethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzonitrile (10) (650 mg, 37% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.39 (s, 1H), 6.74-7.61 (m, 8H), 5.52 (d, 2H), 4.97 (s, 2H), 4.48 (s, 2H), 2.57 (s, 3H).

¹⁹F-NMR(CDCl₃): δ −211.35.

Example 8 Synthesis of 4-{4-Fluoromethyl-2-methyl-5-[(4-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-methyl]-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl}-benzamidine (11)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (10) to bis-amidine (11) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.29 (s, 1H), 6.90-7.76 (m, 8H), 5.66 (d, 2H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 4.61 (s, 2H), 2.53 (s, 3H).

¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ −211.43.

Example 9 Synthesis of 4-(2,2,8-Trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-ylmethoxy)-benzonitrile

To a mixture of the 3,4-isopropylidene pyridoxine (2.30 g, 11 mmol), 4-hydroxybenzonitrile (1.19 g, 10 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (PPh₃) (2.9 g, 11 mmol) in 100 mL dry THF was added diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) (1.9 g, 11 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours. The solvent was then removed under vacuum and the residue purified by column chromatography on silica gel to give 4-(2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-ylmethoxy)-benzonitrile (12) as a light color solid in quantitive yield.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, 2H), 7.01 (d, 2H), 4.99 (s, 2H), 4.86 (s, 2H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 1.55 (s, 6H).

Example 10 Synthesis of 4-(5-Hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy)-benzonitrile

A solution of 4-(2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-ylmethoxy)-benzonitrile (12) (3.10 g, 10 mmol) in THF (30 mL) was heated in a solution of 10% formic acid in water for 2 hours at 80° C. Upon evaporating the solvent, the crude product was washed with a mixture of ethyl acetate and hexane (1:2, 200 mL) to give 4-(5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy)-benzonitrile (13) (2.48 g, 92% yield).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 9.33 (br, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.78 (dd, 2H), 7.19 (dd, 2H), 5.81 (br, 1H), 5.23 (s, 2H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H).

Example 11 Synthesis of 4-(5-(4-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy)-benzonitrile (14)

The coupling of 4-(5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy)-benzonitrile (13) (1.08 g, 4.0 mmol) and α-bromo-p-tolunitrile (0.9 g, 4.8 mmol), as described in Example, gave 4-(5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy)-benzonitrile (14) (755 mg, 49% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 8.36 (s, 1H), 7.91 (d, 2H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 7.72 (d, 2H), 7.22 (d, 2H), 5.37 (s, 2H), 5.32 (t, 1H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 4.62 (d, 2H), 2.46 (s, 3H).

Example 12 Synthesis of 4-(5-(4-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy)-benzamidine (15)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (14) to bis-amidine (15) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 9.56-9.16 (m, 6H), 8.58 (s, 1H), 7.96-7.20 (m, 8H), 5.57 (s, 2H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 2.69 (s, 3H).

MS m/z (ES⁺): 420.60 (M+H⁺).

Example 13 Synthesis of 4-[4-Carbaldehyde-6-methyl-5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy]-benzonitrile (16)

A solution of 4-(5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy)-benzonitrile (14) (1.02 g, 2.65 mmol) and an excess amount of manganese (IV) dioxide in toluene (50 mL) was stirred at 90° C. for 5 hours. Excess manganese (IV) dioxide was filtered through a celite pad and washed with ethyl acetate. The filtrate was evaporated to give 4-[4-carbaldehyde-6-methyl-5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy]-benzonitrile (16) as a colorless solid (3.6 g, 65% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 10.48 (s, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 7.075-7.04 (m, 8H), 5.41(s, 2H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 2.65 (s, 3H).

Example 14 Synthesis of 4-[4-Carbaldehyde-6-methyl-5-(4-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy]-benzamidine (17)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (16) to bis-amidine (17) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 10.46 (s, 1H), 9.39-9.16 (br, 6H), 8.59 (s, 1H), 7.90-7.21 (m, 8H), 5.49 (s, 2H), 5.21 (s, 2H), 2.56 (s, 3H)

Example 15 Synthesis of 4-[4-Fluoromethyl-6-methyl-5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy]-benzonitrile (18)

To a solution of 4-(5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy)-benzonitrile (14) (600 mg, 1.6 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (20 mL) was slowly added DAST (251 mg, 1.6 mmol, in 50 mL dry dichloromethane) at −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was then poured into a cold solution of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, and the crude product extracted with dichloromethane, washed with water, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent gave a crude residue, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using ethyl acetate:hexane:methyl alcohol (7:7:1) as an eluant to give 4-[4-fluoromethyl-6-methyl-5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy]-benzonitrile (18) (314 mg, 52% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.45 (s, 1H), 7.73-7.01 (m, 8H), 5.52 (d, 2H), 5.19 (s, 2H), 4.97 (s, 2H), 2.58 (s, 3H).

¹⁹F-NMR (CDCl₃): δ −213.12.

Example 16 Synthesis of 4-[4-Fluoromethyl-6-methyl-5-(4-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy]-benzamidine (19)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (18) to bis-amidine (19) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.54 (s, 1H), 7.91-7.27 (m, 8H), 5.70 (d, 2H), 5.42 (s, 2H), 5.15 (s, 2H), 2.63 (s, 3H).

¹⁹F-NMR (CD3OD): δ −216.86.

Example 17 Synthesis of 4-[4,4-Difluoromethyl-6-methyl-5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy]-benzonitrile (20)

To a solution of 4-[4-carbaldehyde-6-methyl-5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy]-benzonitrile (16) (383 mg, 1.0 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (20 mL) was slowly added DAST (482 mg, 3.0 mmol) at −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction temperature was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then poured into cold water, and the crude product was extracted with dichloromethane, washed with water and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent gave a crude residue which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane:hexane:methyl alcohol (5:15:1) as an eluant to give 4-[4,4-difluoromethyl-6-methyl-5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy]-benzonitrile (20) (260 mg, 64% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.61 (s, 1H), 7.77-7.02 (m, 8H), 7.00 (t, 1H), 5.34 (s, 2H), 4.99 (s, 2H), 2.61(s, 3H).

¹⁹F-NMR (CDCl₃): δ −113.85 (s).

Example 18 Synthesis of 4-[4,4-Difluoromethyl-6-methyl-5-(4-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy]-benzamidine (21)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (20) to bis-amidine (21) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.55 (s, 1H), 7.90-7.76 (m, 6H), 7.24 (dd, 2H), 7.20 (t, 1H), 5.44 (s, 2H), 5.15 (s, 2H), 2.60 (s, 3H).

¹⁹F-NMR (CD₃OD): δ −115.45 (s).

Example 19 Synthesis of 4-(5-Hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl)-benzonitrile (22) 4-Deoxypyridoxine 22

The coupling of 4-deoxypyridoxine hydrochloride (5.0 g, 0.026 mol) and α-bromo-p-tolunitrile (5.2 g, 0.026 mol), as described in Example 3, gave 4-(5-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl)-benzonitrile (22) (5.6 g, 80% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR: (CDCl₃): δ 8.24 (s, 1H), 7.73 (d, 2H), 7.59 (d, 2H), 4.88 (s, 2H), 4.71 (s, 2H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.33 (s, 3H).

Example 20 Synthesis of 4-(5-Formyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl)-benzonitrile (23)

A solution of 4-(5-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl)-benzonitrile (22) (5.6 g, 21 mmol) and manganese (IV) dioxide (9.1 g, 0.105 mol) in toluene (250 mL) was stirred at 60° C. for about 18 hours. Excess manganese (IV) dioxide was filtered through a celite pad and washed with ethyl acetate. The filtrate was evaporated to give 4-(5-formyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl)-benzonitrile (23) (3.6 g, 65% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 10.22 (s, 1H), 8.66 (s, 1H), 7.73 (d, 2H), 7.59 (d, 2H), 4.90 (s, 2H), 2.59 (s, 6H).

Example 21 Synthesis of 4′-{[5-(4-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethylene]-amino}-biphenyl-4-carbonitrile (24)

A mixture of 4-(5-formyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl)-benzonitrile (23) (0.40 g, 1.5 mmol), 4-amino-4′-cyanobiphenyl (0.35 g, 1.8 mmol) and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (0.08 g, 0.45 mmol) was heated at 100° C. in benzene (15 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere with a Dean-Stark condenser for 18 hours. The solvent mixture was then evaporated and the crude product dissolved in methyl alcohol (20 mL), and to the solution was added sodium borohydride (0.56 g, 15 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, quenched with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, extracted with ethyl acetate and then back washed with water. The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to dryness. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient mixture of ethyl acetate:hexane (0:1 to 1:1) as eluant to give 4′-{[5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-biphenyl-4-carbonitrile (24) (266 mg, 40% overall yield for two steps).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.27 (s, 1H), 7.72 (d, 2H), 7.62 (m, 6H), 7.48 (d, 2H), 6.74 (d, 2H), 4.90 (s, 2H), 4.33 (s, 2H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 2.31 (s, 3H).

Example 22 Synthesis of 4′-{[5-(4-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-biphenyl-4-carboxamidine (25)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (24) to bis-amidine (25) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, 2H), 7.79 (m, 6H), 7.54 (d, 2H), 6.76 (d, 2H), 5.02 (s, 2H), 4.39 (s, 2H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H).

MS m/z (ES⁺): 479.5 (M+H⁺).

Example 23 Synthesis of 3-(5-Hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl)-benzonitrile (26)

The coupling of 4-deoxypyridoxine hydrochloride (5.0 g, 0.026 mol) and α-bromo-m-tolunitrile (5.2 g, 0.026 mol), as described in Example 3, gave 3-(5-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl)-benzonitrile (26) (3.7 g, 52% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.68 (t, 2H), 7.55 (dd, 1H), 4.85 (s, 2H), 4.72 (s, 2H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 2.33 (s, 3H).

Example 24 Synthesis of 3-(5-Formyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl)-benzonitrile (27)

The oxidation of 3-(5-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl)-benzonitrile (26) (3.68 g, 13.7 mmol) to 3-(5-formyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl)-benzonitrile (27) (3.1 g, 85% yield) was carried out as described in Example 20.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 10.21 (s, 1H), 8.65 (s, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.67 (s, 2H), 7.54 (t, 1H), 4.86 (s, 2H), 2.58 (s, 6H).

Example 25 Synthesis of 4′-{[5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-biphenyl-4-carbonitrile (28)

The reductive amination of 3-(5-formyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl)-benzonitrile (27) (10.0 g, 37.6 mmol) and 4-amino-4′-cyanobiphenyl (8.8 g, 45.1 mmol), as described in Example 21, gave 4′-{[5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-biphenyl-4-carbonitrile (28) (5.0 g, 30% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 8.14 (s, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.86 (dd, 2H), 7.77 (dd, 4H), 7.65 (t, 1H), 7.54 (d, 2H), 6.71 (d, 2H), 6.50 (t, 1H), 4.89 (s, 2H), 4.28 (d, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H).

Example 26 Synthesis of 4′-{[5-(3-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-biphenyl-4-carboxamidine (29)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (28) to bis-amidine (29) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 9.55-9.00 (m, 6H), 8.16 (s, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.84 (m, 6H), 7.69 (t, 1H), 7.59 (d, 2H), 6.74 (d, 2H), 6.55 (t, 1H), 4.91 (s, 2H), 4.31 (d, 2H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 2.32 (s, 3H).

MS m/z (ES⁺): 479.56 (M+H⁺).

Example 27 Synthesis of 4-{[5-(4-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzonitrile (30)

The reductive amination of 4-(5-formyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl)-benzonitrile (23) (2.3 g, 8.6 mmol) and 4-aminobenzonitrile (4.4 g, 37.2 mmol), as described in Example 21, gave 4-{[5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzonitrile (30) (2.6 g, 82% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 8.20 (s, 1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.58 (d, 2H), 7.33 (d, 2H), 6.61 (d, 2H), 4.89 (s, 2H), 4.69 (bs, 1H), 4.31 (d, 2H), 2.51 (d, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H).

Example 28 Synthesis of 4-{[5-(4-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine (31)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (30) to bis-amidine (31) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (D₂O): δ 8.11 (s, 1H), 6.72 (d, 2H), 7.61 (d, 2H), 7.57 (d, 2H), 6.72 (d, 2H), 4.99 (s, 2H), 4.39 (s, 2H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.23 (s, 2H).

Example 29 Synthesis of 4-{[5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzonitrile (32)

The reductive amination of 3-(5-formyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl)-benzonitrile (27) (7.0 g, 26.3 mmol) and 4-aminobenzonitrile (10.2 g, 86.3 mmol), as described in Example 21, gave 4-{[5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzonitrile (32) (4.1 g, 68% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.20 (s, 1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.58 (d, 2H), 7.33 (d, 2H), 6.61 (d, 2H), 4.89 (s, 2H), 4.69 (bs, 1H), 4.31 (d, 2H), 2.51 (d, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H).

Example 30 Synthesis of 4-{[5-(3-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine (33)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (32) to bis-amidine (33) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.80 (s, 1H), 7.69-7.61 (s, 3H), 6.75 (d, 2H), 4.98 (s, 2H), 4.44 (s, 2H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 2.83 (s, 3H).

Example 31 Synthesis of 3-(3-Hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl)-acrylic acid ethyl ester (34)

A clear solution of (carbethoxymethylene)triphenylphosphorane (22.3 g, 64.02 mmol) in THF was added to pyridoxal (13.01 g, 64.0 mmol) in THF at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for one hour, then triethylamine (10 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred until the solution turned to a yellow suspension. The solvent was evaporated, and the crude product purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of dichloromethane:methyl alcohol (20:1) as eluant to give 3-(3-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl)-acrylic acid ethyl ester (34) (15.2 g, quantitative yield) as a yellow solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, 1H), 6.80 (d, 1H), 4.69 (s, 2H), 4.26 (q, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 1.33 (t, 3H).

Example 32 Synthesis of 3-(3-Hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl)-propionic acid ethyl ester (35)

The 3-(3-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl)-acrylic acid ethyl ester (34) (15.2 g, 64 mmol) in ethyl acetate (250 mL) was hydrogenated in the presence of 10% palladium on carbon (8.0 g) at room temperature overnight. The product was filtered through a celite pad and evaporated. The crude product thus obtained was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient mixture of ethyl acetate:hexane:methyl alcohol (7:7:1 to 4:4:1) to give 3-(3-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl)-propionic acid ethyl ester (35) (11.1 g, 62% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.91 (s, 1H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 4.16 (q, 2H), 3.01 (t, 2H), 2.87 (t, 2H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 1.25 (t, 3H).

Example 33 Synthesis of 3-[3-(4-Cyano-benzyloxy)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl]-propionic acid ethyl ester (36)

The coupling of 3-(3-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl)-propionic acid ethyl ester (35) (3.4 g, 14.2 mmol) and α-bromo-p-tolunitrile (4.2 g, 21.4 mmol), as described in Example 1, gave 3-[3-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl]-propionic acid ethyl ester (36) (3.5 g, 70% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.39 (s, 1H), 7.74 (d, 2H), 7.59 (d, 2H), 4.95 (s, 2H), 4.77 (s, 2H), 4.10 (q, 2H), 3.02 (t, 2H), 2.66 (t, 2H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 1.21 (t, 3H).

Example 34 Synthesis of 3-[3-(4-Cyano-benzyloxy)-5-(4-cyano-phenoxymethyl)-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl]-propionic acid ethyl ester (37)

The coupling of 3-[3-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl]-propionic acid ethyl ester (36) (3.5 g, 9.89 mmol) and 4-cyanophenol (1.2 g, 9.9 mmol), as described in Example 9, gave 3-[3-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-5-(4-cyano-phenoxymethyl)-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl]-propionic acid ethyl ester (37) (4.2 g, 91% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.33 (s, 1H). 7.73-7.56 (m, 6H), 7.03 (d, 2H), 5.12 (s, 2H), 4.95 (s, 2H), 4.04 (q, 2H), 2.92 (t, 2H), 2.59 (t, 2H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 1.16 (t, 3H).

Example 35 Synthesis of 3-[3-(4-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-5-(4-carbamimidoyl-phenoxymethyl)-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl]-propionic acid ethyl ester (38)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (37) to bis-amidine (38) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (DMSO): δ 9.39-9.01 (m, 6H), 8.45 (s, 1H), 7.90-7.84 (m, 4H), 7.75 (d, 2H), 7.28 (d, 2H), 5.33 (s, 2H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 3.54 (s, 3H), 3.02 (t, 2H), 2.61 (t, 2H), 2.52 (s, 3H).

Example 36 Synthesis of 3-[3-(4-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-5-(4-carbamimidoyl-phenoxymethyl)-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl]-propionic acid (39)

Hydrogen chloride gas was bubbled into a suspension of 3-[3-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-5-(4-cyano-phenoxymethyl)-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl]-propionic acid ethyl ester (37) (389 mg, 0.9 mmol) in absolute ethyl alcohol (10 mL) at 0° C. for 30 minutes. The septum was replaced and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Hydrochloride gas was purged with nitrogen gas for about 2 hours and the solvent evaporated to give the crude imino ester as a solid. Ammonia in methyl alcohol (12 mL, 7M, 84 mmol) was added to the crude imino ester and stirred overnight at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated and the reaction mixture was treated with 1N hydrochloric acid (10 mL) until completion of reaction and evaporated to dryness. The crude product was purified by HPLC on a reverse phase column using a gradient mixture of 1% trifluoroacetic acid in water:methyl alcohol (1:0 to 0:1) as eluant to give the corresponding 3-[3-(4-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-5-(4-carbamimidoyl-phenoxymethyl)-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl]-propionic acid (39) as a colorless solid.

Example 37 Synthesis of 6-[(3-Hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-amino]hexanoic acid (40)

A mixture of pyridoxal (20.0 g, 98.5 mmol) and 6-aminocaproic acid (22.2 g, 169 mmol) was stirred in methyl alcohol (2 L) at room temperature for 12 hours. The solution was placed in an ice bath and sodium borohydride (5.7 g, 167 mmol) was added slowly. The resulting mixture was stirred for one hour at room temperature and then the solvent was evaporated to dryness. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of dichloromethane:methyl alcohol:30% ammonium hydroxide (5:5:1) to give 6-[(3-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-amino]hexanoic acid (40) (11.3 g, 41% yield) as colorless crystals.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 7.74 (s, 1H), 4.40 (s, 2H), 3.96 (s, 2H), 2.52 (t, 2H), 2.26 (s, 1H), 2.19 (t, 1H), 1.46 (m, 4H), 1.30 (m, 2H).

Example 38 Synthesis of 6-[tert-Butoxycarbonyl-(3-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-amino]-hexanoic acid (41)

A mixture of 6-[(3-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-amino]hexanoic acid (40) (4.5 g, 15.9 mmol) and di-tert-butyldicarbonate (5.8 g, 26.6 mmol) was heated in a mixture of dioxane (50 mL) and methyl alcohol (200 mL) at 100° C. for 4 hours. The solvent was evaporated and the crude was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of methyl alcohol:dichloromethane (1:20) as eluant to give 6-[tert-butoxycarbonyl-(3-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-amino]-hexanoic acid (41) (3.0 g, 49% yield).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 7.75 (s, 1H), 4.97 (s, 1H), 4.32 (m, 4H), 2.84 (t, 2H), 2.16 (t, 2H), 1.94 (t, 3H), 1.20 (m, 11H), 0.96 (m, 4H).

Example 39 Synthesis of 6-[(3-Benzyloxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino]-hexanoic acid benzyl ester (42)

The coupling of 6-[tert-butoxycarbonyl-(3-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-amino]-hexanoic acid (41) (3.0 g, 7.8 mmol) and benzyl chloride (7.0 g, 55 mmol), as described in Example 3, gave 6-[(3-benzyloxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino]-hexanoic acid benzyl ester (42) (3.2 g, 73% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.26 (s, 1H), 7.43-7.30 (m, 10H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 4.77 (s, 2H), 4.66 (s, 2H), 4.61 (s, 2H), 2.91 (t, 2H), 2.62 (s, 3H), 2.26 (t, 2H), 1.52 (m, 2H), 1.42 (m, 9H), 1.36 (m, 2H), 1.13 (m, 2H).

Example 40 Synthesis of 6-[(3-Benzyloxy-5-formyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino]-hexanoic acid benzyl ester (43)

The oxidation of 6-[(3-benzyloxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino]-hexanoic acid benzyl ester (42) (3.3 g, 5.8 mmol) to 6-[(3-benzyloxy-5-formyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino]-hexanoic acid benzyl ester (43) (3.2 g, 97% yield) was carried out as described in Example 20.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 10.33 (s, 1H), 8.73 (s, 1H), 7.43-7.30 (m, 10H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 4.86 (s, 2H), 4.78(s, 2H), 2.97 (t, 2H), 2.57 (s, 3H), 2.24 (t, 2H), 1.44 (m, 1H), 1.33 (m, 2H), 1.12 (m, 2H).

Example 41 Synthesis of 6-({3-Benzyloxy-5-[(4′-cyano-biphenyl-4-ylamino)-methyl]-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino)-hexanoic acid benzyl ester (44)

The reductive amination of 6-[(3-benzyloxy-5-formyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino]-hexanoic acid benzyl ester (2.2 g, 3.9 mmol) and 4-amino-4′-cyanobiphenyl (2.1 g, 10.8 mmol), as described in Example 21, gave 6-({3-benzyloxy-5-[(4′-cyano-biphenyl-4-ylamino)-methyl]-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino)-hexanoic acid benzyl ester (44) (2.4 g, 83% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.36 (s, 1H), 7.66-7.35 (m, 16H), 6.72 (d, 2H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 4.80 (s, 2H), 4.63 (s, 1H), 4.37 (s, 2H), 4.34 (s, 2H), 2.96 (t, 2H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.20 (t, 2H), 1.49 (m, 2H), 1.44 (m, 9H), 1.36 (m, 2H), 1.15 (m, 2H).

Example 42 Synthesis of 6-({3-Benzyloxy-5-[(4′-carbamimidoyl-biphenyl-4-ylamino)-methyl]-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-amino)-hexanoic acid (45)

The conversion of nitrile (44) to amidine (45) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD) δ: 8.29 (s, 1H), 7.87-7.24 (m, 16H), 6.88 (d, 2H), 5.49 (s, 2H), 5.00 (s, 2H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 4.47 (q, 2H), 2.65 (t, 2H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.19 (t, 2H), 1.45 (m, 4H), 1.20 (m, 5H).

Example 43 Synthesis of 6-({5-[(4′-Carbamimidoyl-biphenyl-4-ylamino)-methyl]-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-amino)-hexanoic acid (46)

The debenzylation of 6-({3-benzyloxy-5-[(4′-carbamimidoyl-biphenyl-4-ylamino)-methyl]-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-amino)-hexanoic acid (45) (250 mg, 0.44 mmol) was carried out in methyl alcohol (30 mL) using 10% palladium on carbon (0.5 g) with a pressure of 50 psi at room temperature for 2 hours. The product was filtered through a celite pad, and evaporated to give a crude product, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of dichloromethane:methyl alcohol:30% ammonium hydroxide (10:5:1) to give 6-({5-[(4′-carbamimidoyl-biphenyl-4-ylamino)-methyl]-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-amino)-hexanoic acid (46) (200 mg, 96% yield).

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD) δ: 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.72 (m, 4H), 7.59 (d, 2H), 6.84 (d, 2H), 4.41 (s, 2H), 4.35 (s, 2H), 2.88 (t, 2H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 2.06 (t, 2H), 1.47 (m, 7H), 1.27 (m, 2H), 1.11 (m, 2H).

Example 44 Synthesis of 6-({3-Benzyloxy-5-[(4-cyano-phenylamino)-methyl]-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino)-hexanoic acid benzyl ester (47)

The reductive amination of 6-[(3-benzyloxy-5-formyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino]-hexanoic acid benzyl ester (43) (2.2 g, 3.9 mmol), 4-aminocarbonitrile (2.1 g, 17.8 mmol), as described in Example 21, gave 6-({3-Benzyloxy-5-[(4-cyano-phenylamino)-methyl]-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino)-hexanoic acid benzyl ester (47) (2.4 g, 93% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.30 (s, 1H), 7.40 (d, 2H), 7.36-7.30 (m, 10H), 6.55 (d, 2H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 4.80 (s, 2H), 4.78 (s, 1H), 4.56 (s, 2H), 4.36 (s, 2H), 4.34 (s, 2H), 2.93 (t, 2H), 2.60 (s, 3H), 2.20 (t, 2H), 1.47 (m, 2H), 1.44 (m, 9H), 1.34 (m, 2H), 1.13 (m, 2H).

Example 45 Synthesis of 6-({3-Benzyloxy-5-[(4-carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-amino)-hexanoic acid, ethyl ester (48)

The conversion of nitrile (47) to amidine (48) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD) δ: 8.26 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, 2H), 7.52-7.36 (m, 5H), 6.86 (d, 2H), 5.05 (s, 2H), 4.56 (s, 2H), 4.10 (q, 2H), 3.96 (s, 2H), 2.72 (t, 2H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.28-2.21 (m, 2H), 1.51 (m, 4H), 1.30-1.20 (m, 2H), 1.23 (t, 3H).

Example 46 Synthesis of 6-([{5-[(4-Carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-pyridin-4 ylmethyl}-amino)-hexanoic acid (49)

The debenzylation of 6-({3-Benzyloxy-5-[(4-carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-amino)-hexanoic acid, ethyl ester (43) (100 mg, 0.2 mmol), as described in Example 43, gave 6-({5-[(4-carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-pyridin-4 ylmethyl}-amino)-hexanoic acid (49) (30 mg, 38% yield).

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 6.95 (d, 2H), 4.57 (s, 2H), 4.36 (s, 2H), 4.24 (q, 2H), 3.02 (t, 2H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.49-2.41 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.66 (m, 4H), 1.54 (m, 2H), 1.32 (t, 3H)

Example 47 Synthesis of 6-({3-Benzyloxy-5-[(4-carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-amino)-hexanoic acid (50)

The hydrolysis of 6-({5-[(4-carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-pyridin-4 ylmethyl}-amino)-hexanoic acid (49) (100 mg, 0.2 mmol) was carried out in 6N hydrochloric acid for 2 hours. The solvent was then evaporated and the crude product purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of dichloromethane:methyl alcohol:30% ammonium hydroxide (5:3:1) as eluant to give 6-({3-benzyloxy-5-[(4-carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-amino)-hexanoic acid (50).

¹H-NMR (D₂O): δ 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, 2H), 6.79 (d, 2H), 4.32 (s, 2H), 4.23 (s, 2H), 2.82 (t, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.07 (t, 2H), 1.57 (m, 2H), 1.42 (m, 2H), 1.23 (m, 2H).

Example 48 Synthesis of 6-{tert-Butoxycarbonyl-[3-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl]-amino}-hexanoic acid (51)

The coupling of 6-[tert-butoxycarbonyl-(3-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-amino]-hexanoic acid (44) (3.0 g, 8.0 mmol) and α-bromo-p-tolunitrile (10.0 g, 51.0 mmol), as described in Example 3, gave 6-{tert-butoxycarbonyl-[3-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl]-amino}-hexanoic acid (51) (2.8 g, 70% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.71 (d, 2H), 7.56 (d, 2H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 4.64 (s, 2H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 2.97 (t, 2H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.19 (t, 2H), 1.47 (m, 2H), 1.43 (m, 9H), 1.35 (m, 2H), 1.13 (m, 2H).

Example 49 Synthesis of 6-{tert-Butoxycarbonyl-[3-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-5-formyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl]-amino}-hexanoic acid (52)

The oxidation of 6-{[3-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-5-formyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl]-ethoxycarbonyl-amino}-hexanoic acid (41) (1.0 g, 2.0 mmol) to 6-{tert-butoxycarbonyl-[3-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-5-formyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl]-amino}-hexanoic acid (52) (1.0 g, quantitative yield) was carried out as described in Example 20.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 10.29 (s, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.58 (d, 2H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 4.85 (s, 2H), 2.94 (t, 2H), 2.59 (s, 3H), 2.19 (t, 2H), 1.49 (m, 2H), 1.38 (m, 9H), 1.34 (m, 2H), 1.13 (m, 2H).

Example 50 Synthesis of 6-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl-{3-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-5-[(4-cyano-phenylamino)-methyl]-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-amino)-hexanoic acid (53)

The reductive amination of 6-{tert-butoxycarbonyl-[3-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-5-formyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl]-amino}-hexanoic acid (52) (0.9 g, 0.2 mmol) and 4-aminobenzonitrile (1.6 g, 13.5 mmol), as described in Example 21, gave 6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl-{3-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-5-[(4-cyano-phenylamino)-methyl]-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-amino)-hexanoic acid (53) (0.9 g, 81% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.30 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, 2H), 7.52 (d, 2H), 7.38 (d, 2H), 6.60 (d, 2H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 4.59 (s, 2H), 4.34 (d, 2H), 2.94 (t, 2H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 2.19 (t, 2H), 1.49 (m, 2H), 1.43 (m, 9H), 1.34 (m, 2H), 1.14 (m, 2H).

Example 51 Synthesis of 6-({3-(4-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-5-[(4-carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-amino)-hexanoic acid (54)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (53) to bis-amidine (54) was carried out as described in Example 36.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 7.87 (s, 1H), 7.80-7.72 (m, 4H), 7.57 (d, 2H), 6.87 (d, 2H), 4.97 (s, 2H), 4.47 (s, 2H), 4.39 (s, 2H), 3.04 (t, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 2.22 (t, 2H), 1.72 (m, 2H), 1.57 (m, 9H), 1.37 (m, 2H).

Example 52 Synthesis of 6-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl-{3-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-5-[(4′-cyano-biphenyl-4-ylamino)-methyl]-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-amino)-hexanoic acid (55)

The reductive amination of 6-{tert-butoxycarbonyl-[3-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-5-formyl-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl]-amino}-hexanoic acid (52) (1.4 g, 2.8 mmol) and 4-amino-4′-cyanobiphenyl (2.1 g, 7.2 mmol), as described in Example 21, gave 6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl-{3-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-5-[(4-cyano-biphenyl-4-ylamino)-methyl]-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-amino)-hexanoic acid (55) (0.7 g, 36% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.36 (s, 1H), 7.71-7.47 (m, 10H), 6.69 (d, 2H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 4.61 (s, 2H), 4.36 (d, 2H), 2.94 (t, 2H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 2.20 (t, 2H), 1.48 (m, 2H), 1.40 (m, 9H), 1.32 (m, 2H), 1.14 (m, 2H).

Example 53 Synthesis of 6-({3-(4-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-5-[(4′-carbamimidoyl-biphenyl-4-ylamino)-methyl]-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-amino) hexanoic acid (56)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (55) to bis-amidine (56) was carried out as described in Example 36.

¹H-NMR (D₂O): δ 8.32 (s, 1H), 7.76-7.59 (m, 10H), 6.91 (d, 1H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 4.39 (s, 2H), 4.09 (s, 2H), 2.82 (t, 2H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 1.91 (t, 2H), 1.34 (m, 2H), 1.24 (m, 2H), 1.02 (m, 2H).

Example 54 Synthesis of 4-{6-[(5-Hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-amino]pyridin-3-yl}-benzonitrile (58)

The hydrolysis of 4-{6-[(2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[,5-c]pyridin-5-ylmethyl)-amino]-pyridin-3-yl}-benzonitrile (57) (300 mg, 0.78 mmol), as described in Example 10, gave 4-{6-[(5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-amino]pyridin-3-yl}-benzonitrile (58) (245 mg, 91% yield).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 8.30 (s, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 6.45 (s, 1H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 4.35 (d, 2H), 2.18 (s, 3H).

Example 55 Synthesis of 4-{6-[(5-(4-Cyano-benzoloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-amino]pyridin-3-yl}-benzonitrile (59)

The coupling of 4-{6-[(5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-amino]pyridin-3-yl}-benzonitrile (58) (150 mg, 0.43 mol) and α-bromo-p-tolunitrile (92 mg, 0.47 mmol), as described in Example 1, gave 4-{6-[(5-(4-cyano-benzoloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-amino]pyridin-3-yl}-benzonitrile (59) (121 mg, 61% yield).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 8.49 (s, 1H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 8.00-7.93 (m, 2H), 7.92-7.83 (m, 5H), 7.80-7.70 (m, 2H), 7.47-7.38 (m, 1H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 4.75-4.68 (m, 4H), 2.46 (s, 3H).

Example 56 Synthesis of 4-(6-{[5-(4-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-pyridin-3-yl-benzamidine (60)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (59) to bis-amidine (60) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 8.60 (s, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 8.15-8.05 (m, 1H), 8.03 (m, 5H), 7.95-7.85 (m, 2H), 6.98-6.88 (m, 2H), 5.21 (s, 2H), 4.95-4.80 (m, 4H), 2.62 (s, 3H)

Example 57 Synthesis of 4′-{[5-(4-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-3′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-carbonitrile (62)

The coupling of 4′-[(5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridine-3-ylmethyl)-amino]-3′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-carbonitrile (61) (250 mg, 0.69 mmol) and α-bromo-p-tolunitrile (149 mg, 0.76 mmol), as described in Example 1, gave 4′-{[5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-3′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-carbonitrile (62) (109 mg, 33% yield).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.75-7.65 (m, 4H), 7.62-7.55 (m, 3H), 7.53-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.33-7.22 (m, 2H), 4.93 (s, 2H), 4.44-4.30 (m, 4H), 2.17 (s, 3H).

¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ −138.20 (s).

Example 58 Synthesis of 4′-{[5-(4-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-3′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-carboxamidine (63)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (62) to bis-amidine (63) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 8.40 (s, 1H), 8.20-8.05 (m, 5H), 8.03-7.90 (m, 1H), 7.89-7.58 (m, 2H), 7.07-6.90 (m, 1H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 5.79 (s, 1H), 5.26 (s, 2H), 4.89 (d, 2H), 4.82 (d, 2H), (s, 3H).

¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ −138.29 (s).

Example 59 Synthesis of 4′-Cyano-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-amide (65)

The coupling of 4′-cyano-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-amide (64) (650 mg, 1.7 mmol) and α-bromo-p-tolunitrile (375 mg, 1.9 mmol), as described in Example 3, gave 4′-cyano-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-amide (65) (627 mg, 74% yield).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 8.21 (s, 1H), 8.02-7.75 (m, 11H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 4.98 (s, 2H), 4.68-4.56 (m, 4H), 2.38 (s, 3H).

Example 60 Synthesis of 4′-Carbamimidoyl-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid [5-(4-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxyl)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amide (68)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (65) to bis-amidine (66) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 8.23 (s, 1H), 8.05-7.88 (m, 5H), 7.89-7.78 (m, 4H), 7.74-7.65 (m, 3H), 4.99 (s, 2H), 4.70-4.54 (m, 4H), 2.38 (s, 3H).

Example 61 Synthesis of 4-[4,6-Dimethyl-5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy]-benzonitrile (67)

The coupling of 4-(5-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl)-benzonitrile (22) (800 mg, 3.0 mmol) and 4-cyanophenol (715 mg, 6.0 mmol), as described in Example 9, gave 4-[4,6-dimethyl-5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy]-benzonitrile (67) (433 mg, 39% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.32 (s, 1H), 7.76-7.69 (m, 2H), 7.66-7.55 (m, 4H), 7.07-7.01 (m, 2H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 3H).

Example 62 Synthesis of 4-[4,6-Dimethyl-5-(4-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxyl)-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy]-benzamidine (68)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (67) to bis-amidine (68) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.01-7.88 (m, 4H), 7.85-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.38-7.29 (m, 2H), 5.30 (s, 2H), 5.02 (s, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 2.33 (s, 3H).

Example 63 Synthesis of 4-[4,6-Dimethyl-5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy]-benzonitrile (69)

The coupling of 3-(5-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl)-benzonitrile (26) (1.0 mg, 3.70 mmol) and 4-cyanophenol (885 mg, 7.40 mmol), as described in Example 9, gave 4-[4,6-dimethyl-5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy]-benzonitrile (69) (646 mg, 47% yield).

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.24 (s, 1H), 7.89-7.77 (m, 2H), 7.76-7.54 (m, 4H), 7.23-7.13 (m, 2H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 4.96 (s, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.33 (s, 3H).

Example 64 Synthesis of 4-[4,6-Dimethyl-5-(3-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxyl)-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy]-benzamidine (70)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (69) to bis-amidine (70) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.27 (s, 1H), 8.03-7.63 (m, 6H), 7.33-721 (m, 2H), 5.26 (s, 2H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 2.40 (s, 3H)

Example 65 Synthesis of 4-Cyano-N-[5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-benzamide (72)

The coupling of 4-cyano-N-[5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-benzamide (71) (580 mg, 3.0 mmol) and α-bromo-p-tolunitrile (580 mg, 3.0 mmol), as described in Example 3, gave 4-cyano-N-[5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-benzamide (72) (433 mg, 39% yield).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.09-8.05 (m, 2H), 7.80-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.72-7.64 (m, 2H), 7.53-7.44 (m, 2H), 5.01 (s, 2H), 4.75-4.60 (m, 4H), 2.52 (s, 3H).

Example 66 Synthesis of 4-Carbamimidoyl-N-[5-(4-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-benzamide (73)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (72) to bis-amidine (73) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.26 (s, 1H), 8.15-8.04 (m, 2H), 7.98-7.83 (m, 4H), 7.79-7.69 (m, 2H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 4.75 (m, 4H), 2.50 (s, 3H)

Example 67 Synthesis of 4-tert-Butyl-N-(2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl-methyl)-benzamide (74)

A mixture of C-(2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)-methylamine (1.77 g, 8.49 mmol), 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid (5.6 g, 31 mmol), EDC (5.7 g, 29 mmol), and DMAP (4.53 g, 35.6 mmol) was stirred in dichloromethane (200 mL) for 24 hours. Saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate was added to the reaction mixture, and the dichloromethane layer was separated. The aqueous layer was then extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The crude mixture was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient mixture of dichloromethane:acetone (1:0 to 7:3) as eluant to give 4-tert-butyl-N-(2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl-methyl)-benzamide (74) (2.7 g, 85%) as a light yellow solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.74-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.50-7.38 (m, 2H), 6.18 (t, 1H), 4.88 (s, 2H), 4.52 (d, 2H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 1.54 (s, 6H), 1.33 (s, 9H).

Example 68 Synthesis of 4-tert-Butyl-N-(5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-yl-methyl)-benzamide (75)

The hydrolysis of 4-tert-butyl-N-(2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl-methyl)-benzamide (74) (2.6 g, 7.05 mmol), as described in Example 10, gave 4-tert-butyl-N-(5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-yl-methyl)-benzamide (75) (1.4 g, 59% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.82-7.2 (m, 2H), 7.50-7.45(m, 2H), 4.98 (s, 2H), 4.59 (s, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 1.35 (s, 9H).

Example 69 Synthesis of 4-tert-Butyl-N-[5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-N-methyl-benzamide (76)

The coupling of of 4-tert-butyl-N-(5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-yl-methyl)-benzamide (75) (404 mg, 1.23 mmol) and α-bromo-p-tolunitrile (284 mg, 1.44 mmol), as described in Example 3, gave 4-tert-butyl-N-[5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-N-methyl-benzamide (76) (328 mg, 60% yield).

¹H-NMR CDCl₃: δ 8.33 (s, 1H), 7.70-7.65 (m, 4H), 7.64-7.55 (m, 2H), 7.48-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.05 (t, 1H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 4.70 (d, 2H), 4.36 (s br, 1H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 1.31 (s, 9H).

MS m/z (ES⁺): 444.49 (M+H⁺).

Example 70 Synthesis of 4-tert-Butyl-N-[5-(4-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-benzamide (77)

The conversion of nitrile (76) to amidine (77) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.41 (s, 1H), 7.95-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.85-7.73 m, (4H), 7.60-7.49 (m, 2H), 5.23 (s, 2H), 4.94 (s, 2H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 9H).

MS m/z (ES⁺): 461.53 (M+H⁺).

Example 71 Synthesis of 2,2,8-Trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carboxylic acid amide (80)

Ammonia gas was bubbed into a solution of 2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbaldehyde (31.3 g, 151 mmol) in isopropyl alcohol (2.4 L) at 0° C. for about 30 minutes. Manganese (IV) dioxide (210 g, 7.96 mmol) was added, and the solution was stirred for about 15 hours at room temperature. Excess manganese (IV) dioxide was filtered through a celite pad and washed with isopropyl alcohol. The filtrate was evaporated and washed with diethyl ether, water, and then with methyl alcohol to give 2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carboxylic acid amide (78) (23.1 g, 69% yield) as a light yellow solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.27 (s, 1H), 5.13 (s, 2H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 1.57 (s, 6H).

Example 72 Synthesis of (2,2,8-Trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)-carbamic acid methyl ester (79) and 2,2,8-Trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-ylamine (80)

Commercial bleach (179 mL, 5.25%, 126 mmol) was added to a mixture of aqueous sodium hydroxide (0.1 N, 890 mL, 89 mmol) and a solution of 2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carboxylic acid amide (78) (22.5 g, 101 mmol) in methyl alcohol (2.1 L) at 50° C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 minutes, then slowly cooled down to room temperature and stirred for another 30 minutes. Methyl alcohol was evaporated, and the aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to give (2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)-carbamic acid methyl ester (79) (17.8 g, 70% yield) as a yellow powder.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.03 (s, 1H, s), 6.73 (s br, 1H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 3.47 (s, 3H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 1.55 (s, 6H).

The aqueous solution was further extracted with CH₂Cl₂, the combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to give 2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-ylamine (80) (3.4 g, 17% yield) as an off white powder.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.53 (s, 1H), 4.66 (s, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.55 (s, 6H).

Example 73 Synthesis of (4-Cyano-benzyl)-(2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)-carbamic acid methyl ester (81)

(2,2,8-Trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)-carbamic acid methyl ester (27) (5.3 g, 21 mmol) in dry THF (500 mL) was cannulated into a suspension of sodium hydride (860 mg, 60%, 21 mmol) in dry THF at −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting solution was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred for about 15 minutes, then cooled to −78° C. To this solution was added a solution of α-bromo-p-tolunitrile (5.0 g, 25 mmol) in THF. The resulting mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was quenched with water, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to give a crude product which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient mixture of ethyl acetate:hexane (0:1 to 1:1) as eluant to give (4-cyano-benzyl)-(2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)-carbamic acid methyl ester (81) (5.3 g, 68%) as colorless foam.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.72 (s br, 1H), 7.64-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.30 (m, 2H), 4.77 (s, 2H), 4.53 (d, 1H), 4.03 (d, 1H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.44 (s, 3H).

Example 74 Synthesis of 4-(5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-2-oxo-4H-pyrido[3,4-d][1,3]oxazin-1-ylmethyl)-benzonitrile (82)

The hydrolysis of (4-cyano-benzyl)-(2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)-carbamic acid methyl ester (81) (5.1 g, 13.9 mmol) and subsequent cyclization was achieved by heating 81 in a 1:1 mixture of aqueous formic acid (20%) and ethyl alcohol at 80° C. for 2 hours. The evaporation of solvent, followed by the addition of water precipitated the product 4-(5-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-oxo-4H-pyrido[3,4-d][1,3]oxazin-1-ylmethyl)-benzonitrile (82) (2.8 g, 74% yield).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 9.56 (s, 1H), 7.85-7.78 (m, 2H), 7.58-7.53 (m, 2H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 5.44 (s, 2H), 5.21 (s, 2H), 2.59 (s, 3H).

MS m/z (ES⁺): 296.36 (M+H⁺).

Example 75 Synthesis of 4-[5-(4-Cyano-benzyloxy)-6-methyl-2-oxo-4H-pyrido[3,4-d][1,3]oxazin-1ylmethyl]-benzonitrile (83)

The coupling of 4-(5-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-oxo-4H-pyrido[3,4-d][1,3]oxazin-1-ylmethyl)-benzonitrile (82) (874 mg, 3.24 mmol) and α-bromo-p-tolunitrile (1.2 g, 6.17 mmol), as described in Example 1, gave 4-[5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-6-methyl-2-oxo-4H-pyrido[3,4-d][1,3]oxazin-1ylmethyl]-benzonitrile (83) (1.0 g, 84% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.81 (s, 1H), 7.77-7.70 (m, 2H), 7.69-7.62 (m, 2H), 7.57-7.49 (m, 2H), 7.44-7.37 (m, 2H), 5.26 (s, 2H), 5.19 (s, 2H), 4.96 (s, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H).

MS m/z (ES⁺): 441.46 (M+H⁺).

Example 76 Synthesis of 4-[6-Methyl-5-(4-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-2-oxo-4H-pyrido[3,4-d][1,3]oxazin-1-ylmethyl]-benzamidine (84)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (83) to bis-amidine (84) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 9.40 and 9.2 (m, 4H), 9.20 and 9.05 (m, 4H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.90-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.83-7.73 (m, 4H), 7.63-7.54 (m, 2H), 5.53 (s, 2H), 5.29 (s, 2H), 5.06 (s, 2H), 2.38 (s, 3H).

MS m/z (ES⁺): 445.50 (M+H⁺).

Example 77 Synthesis of 4-[5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-6-methyl-2-oxo-4H-pyrido[3,4-d][1,3]oxazin-1ylmethyl]-benzonitrile (85)

The coupling of 4-(5-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-oxo-4H-pyrido[3,4-d][1,3]oxazin-1-ylmethyl)-benzonitrile (82) (0.8 g, 2.8 mmol) and α-bromo-m-tolunitrile (5.9 g, 30 mmol), as described in Example 1, gave 4-[5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-6-methyl-2-oxo-4H-pyrido[3,4-d][1,3]oxazin-1ylmethyl]-benzonitrile (85) (322 mg, 28% yield) as.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.75-7.62 (m, 5H), 7.61-7.53 (m, 1H), 7.44-7.37 (m, 2H), 5.21 (s, 2H), 5.18 (s, 2H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 2.48 (s, 3H).

Example 78 Synthesis of 4-[6-Methyl-5-(3-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-2-oxo-4H-pyrido[3,4-d][1,3]oxazin-1-ylmethyl]-benzamidine (86)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (85) to bis-amidine (86) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 9.45-9.20 (m, 4H), 9.20-9.05 (m, 4H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.92-7.76 (m, 5H), 7.76-7.67 (m, 1H), 7.63-7.54 (m, 2H), 5.52 (s, 2H), 5.29 (s, 2H), 5.01 (s, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H).

MS m/z (ES⁺): 445.55 (M+H⁺).

Example 79 Synthesis of 4-{[4-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylamino]-methyl}-benzonitrile (87)

Sodium borohydride (2.6 g, 69 mmol) was added to a solution of 4-[5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-6-methyl-2-oxo-4H-pyrido[3,4-d][1,3]oxazin-1 ylmethyl]-benzonitrile (83) (587 mg, 1.4 mmol) in a mixture of methyl alcohol and dichloromethane (1:1, 20 mL) at 0° C. The resulting solution was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 24 hours. The solvent was evaporated, residue was diluted with water and the mixture was extracted with chloroform. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient mixture of dichloromethane:methyl alcohol (1:0 to 40:1) as eluant to give 4-{[4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylamino]-methyl}-benzonitrile (87) (175 mg, 32% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 7.96-7.89 (m, 2H), 7.85-7.78 (m, 2H), 7.74-7.67 (m, 2H), 7.62-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 6.07 (t, 1H), 5.33 (t, 1H), 4.95 (s, 2H), 4.61 (d, 2H), 4.54 (d, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H).

MS m/z (ES⁺): 385.36 (M+H⁺).

Example 80 Synthesis of 4-{[4-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-5-(4-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylamino]-methyl}-N,N,N′-trimethyl-benzamidine (88)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (87) to bis-amidine (88) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 9.45-9.12 (m, 6H), 7.91 (d, 1H), 7.81 (d, 1H), 7.76 (d, 1H), 7.63 (d, 1H), 7.62(s, 1H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 4.65 (s, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H).

MS m/z (ES⁺): 419.15 (M+H⁺).

Example 81 Synthesis of 4-(5-Hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxy)-benzonitrile (89)

A mixture of 4-deoxypyridoxine hydrochloride (0.44 g, 2.8 mmol), copper (I) oxide (0.50 g, 3.5 mmol), dimethylglyoxime (0.15 g, 1.3 mmol), 4-iodobenzonitrile (1.08 g, 4.7 mmol), cesium carbonate (5.00 g, 15.3 mmol), and crushed molecular sieves 3° A (0.6 g) in anhydrous DMF (4 mL) were heated at 110° C. for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness, and the crude product purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient of dichloromethane:methyl alcohol (1:0 to 9:1) as eluant to give 4-(5-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxy)-benzonitrile (89) (50 mg, 7% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.70 (s, 1H), 7.30 (d, 2H), 6.95 (d, 2H), 4.80 (s, 2H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H).

Example 82 Synthesis of 4-(5-carboxy-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxy)-benzonitrile (90)

A solution of 4-(5-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxy)-benzonitrile (500 mg, 2.0 mmol) and manganese (IV) dioxide (3.2 g, 36.8 mmol) in toluene (250 mL) was stirred at 90° C. for 30 minutes and then at room temperature for 12 hours. Excess manganese (IV) dioxide was filtered through a celite pad and washed with dichloromethane. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness and the crude product purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient of dichloromethane:methyl alcohol (1:0 to 19:1) as eluant to give 4-(5-carboxy-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxy)-benzonitrile (90) (56 mg, 12% yield) as colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 10.40 (s, 1H), 8.93 (s, 1H), 7.75 (d, 2H), 6.96 (d, 2H), 4.53 (t, 1H), 2.59(s, 3H), 2.56 (s, 3H).

Example 83 Synthesis of 4-{[3-(4-cyano-phenoxy)-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-5-ylmethyl]-amino}benzonitrile (91)

The reductive amination of 4-(5-carboxy-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxy)-benzonitrile (189 mg, 0.75 mmol) and 4-aminobenzonitrile (400 mg, 3.38 mmol), as described in Example 21, gave 4-{[3-(4-cyano-phenoxy)-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-5-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzonitrile (91) (120 mg, 45% yield) as a brown oil.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, 2H), 7.46 (d, 2H), 6.85 (d, 2H), 6.65 (d, 2H), 4.53 (t, 1H), 4.37 (d, 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s, 3H).

Example 84 Synthesis of 4-{5-[(4-amidino-phenylamino)-methyl]-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxy}benzamidine (92)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (91) to bis-amidine (92) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.30 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, 2H), 7.68 (d, 2H), 7.04 (d, 2H), 6.83 (d, 2H), 4.50 (d, 2H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H).

Example 85 Synthesis of 3-(5-Hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxy)-benzonitrile (93)

The coupling of 4-deoxypyridoxine hydrochloride (5.6 g, 29.5 mmol) and 3-iodobenzonitrile (10.0 g, 43.0 mmol), as described in Example 81, gave 3-(5-hydroxymethyl-2, 4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxy)-benzonitrile (93) (0.5 g, 7.5% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.40-7.27 (m, 3H), 7.05-7.97 (m, 2H), 6.95 (d, 2H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H).

Example 86 Synthesis of 3-(5-carboxy-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxy)-benzonitrile (94)

The oxidation of 3-(5-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxy)-benzonitrile (93) (500 mg, 2.0 mmol) to 3-(5-carboxy-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxy)-benzonitrile (94) (252 mg, 12% yield) was carried out as described in Example 82.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 10.19 (s, 1H), 8.71 (s, 1H), 7.40-7.26 (m, 2H), 6.99-6.92 (m, 2H), 4.53 (t, 1H), 2.38(s, 3H), 2.35 (s, 3H).

Example 87 Synthesis of 4-{[3-(3-cyano-phenoxy)-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-5-ylmethyl]-amino}benzonitrile (95)

The reductive amination of 3-(5-carboxy-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxy)-benzonitrile (188 mg, 0.74 mmol) and 4-aminobenzonitrile (500 mg, 4.2 mmol), as described in Example 21, gave 4-{[3-(3-cyano-phenoxy)-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-5-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzonitrile (95) (200 mg, 77% yield) as a brown oil.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.33 (s, 1H), 7.44-7.39 (m, 3H), 7.34-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.07-7.03 (m, 1H), 6.96-6.95 (m, 1H), 6.64 (d, 2H), 4.81 (t, 1H), 4.36 (d, 2H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H).

Example 88 Synthesis of 4-{5-[(3-amidino-phenylamino)-methyl]-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxy}benzamidine (96)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (95) to bis-amidine (96) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.56 (d, 2H), 7.51-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.19 (t, 1H), 7.03 (dd, 1H), 6.76 (d, 2H), 4.43 (s, 2H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H).

Example 89 Synthesis of 3-Benzyloxy-2-methyl-1,3-dihydro-furo[4,5-c]pyridin-1-ol (97)

The coupling of pyridoxal hydrochloride (25 g, 0.12 mol) and benzyl bromide (51.6 g, 0.30 mol), as described in Example 1, gave 3-benzyloxy-2-methyl-1,3-dihydro-furo[4,5-c]pyridin-1-ol (97) (8.0 g, 25% yield).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.48-7.35 (m, 5H), 7.09 (d, 1H), 6.61 (dd, 1H), 5.26 (dd, 2H), 5.00 (dd, 2H), 2.41 (s, 3H).

Example 90 Synthesis of 3-Benzyloxy-2-methyl-1,3-dihydro-furo[4,5-c]pyridin-1-ol (98)

A mixture of 3-benzyloxy-2-methyl-1,3-dihydro-furo[4,5-c]pyridin-1-ol (97) (6.1 g, 23.7 mmol) and methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (mixture with sodium amide) (10 g, 24 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours then refluxed for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness, and the crude product purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient of dichloromethane:methyl alcohol (1:0 to 9:1) as eluant to give of 3-benzyloxy-2-methyl-1,3-dihydro-furo[4,5-c]pyridin-1-ol (98) (1.2 g, 20% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.42-7.36 (m, 5H), 6.88 (dd, 1H), 6.02 (dd, 1H), 5.73 (dd, 1H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 4.69 (s, 2H), 2.46 (s, 3H).

Example 91 Synthesis of 4-Ethyl-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-ol (99)

The hydrogenation of 3-benzyloxy-2-methyl-1,3-dihydro-furo[4,5-c]pyridin-1-ol (98)(1.2 g, 4.6 mmol) to 4-ethyl-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-ol (99) (780 mg, 96% yield) was carried out as described in Example 32.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 7.99 (s, 1H), 4.70 (s, 2H), 2.82 (q, 3H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 1.93 (t, 3H)

Example 92 Synthesis of 3-(3-Amino-benzyloxy)-4-ethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-5-yl]-methanol (100)

The coupling of 4-ethyl-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-ol (99) (0.9 g, 5.38 mmol) and α-bromo-m-tolunitrile (1.4 g, 7.14 mmol), as described in Example 3, gave [3-(3-amino-benzyloxy)-4-ethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-5-yl]-methanol (100) (1.08 g, 72% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.53-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.35 (t, 1H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 4.51 (s, 2H), 2.53 (q, 2H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 1.00 (t, 3H).

Example 93 Synthesis of 3-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-ethyl-2-methyl-pyridine-5-carbaldehyde (101)

The oxidation of [3-(3-amino-benzyloxy)-4-ethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-5-yl]-methanol (100) (700 mg, 2.5 mmol) to 3-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-ethyl-2-methyl-pyridine-5-carbaldehyde (101) (700 mg, quantitative) was carried out as described in Example 13.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 10.17 (s, 1H) 8.64 (s, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.66 (dd, 2H), 7.53 (t, 1H), 4.89 (s, 2H), 3.04 (q, 2H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.18 (t, 3H).

Example 94 Synthesis of 3-{5-[(4-Cyano-phenylamino)-methyl]-4-ethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl}-benzonitrile (102)

The reductive amination of 3-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-ethyl-2-methyl-pyridine-5-carbaldehyde (101) (700 mg, 2.50 mmol) and 4-aminobenzonitrile (2.0 g, 16.9 mmol), as described in Example 21, gave 3-{5-[(4-cyano-phenylamino)-methyl]-4-ethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl}-benzonitrile (102) (500 mg, 52% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.20 (s, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.69 (d, 1H), 7.64-7.61 (m, 1H), 7.53 (t, 1H), 7.37 (dd, 1H), 6.61 (d, 2H), 6.26 (s, 2H), 4.88 (s, 2H), 4.32 (d, 2H), 2.69 (q, 2H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 1.89 (t, 3H).

Example 95 Synthesis of 3-{5-[(4-Amidino-phenylamino)-methyl]-4-ethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl}-benzamidine (103)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (102) to bis-amidine (103) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.84-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.62 (t, 1H), 7.55 (d, 2H), 7.71 (d, 2H), 4.99 (s, 2H), 4.42 (s, 2H), 2.72 (t, 2H), 2.142 (s, 3H), 1.09 (t, 3H).

Example 96 Synthesis of (4-Cyano-phenyl)-(2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-ylmethyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (104)

A solution mixture 4-((2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)methylamino) benzonitrile* (44.4 g, 0.143 mol), Boc anhydride (63.5 g, 0.29 mol) and DMAP (1.77 g, 0.14 mol) in dichloromethane was stirred at 47° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness, and diethyl ether (350 mL) was added to induce precipitation. The product was collected by filtration, washed with water and then with diethyl ether and dried under vaccum to give (4-cyano-phenyl)-(2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-ylmethyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (104) (52.4 g, 89% yield) as a light yellow solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.56 (d, 2H), 7.25 (d, 2H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 6H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 410 (M+H⁺).

Zhang et. al., Bioorganic &Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2004, 14, 4747.

Example 97 Synthesis of (4-Cyano-phenyl)-(5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (105)

The hydrolysis of (4-cyano-phenyl)-(2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-ylmethyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (104) (5.43 g, 13.0 mmol), as described in Example 10, gave (4-cyano-phenyl)-(5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (105) (3.7 g, 75% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.77 (d, 2H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.49 (d, 2H), 5.06 (s, 2H), 4.71 (s, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 9H).

Example 98 Synthesis of [5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (106)

The coupling of (4-cyano-phenyl)-(5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (105) (8.7 g, 19.9 mmol) and α-bromo-m-tolunitrile (5.6 g, 28 mmol), as described in Example 1, gave [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (106) (11.8 g, 68% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.80 (1H), 7.72 (d, 1H), 7.66 (d, 1H), 7.62 (d, 2H), 7.53 (dd, 1H), 7.29 (d, 2H), 5.01 (s, 2H), 5.00 (s, 2H), 4.76 (d, 2H), 3.49 (d, 1H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 9H).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 485 (M+H⁺).

Example 99 Synthesis of [5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-fluoromethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (107)

To a solution of [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (106) (51.1 g, 0.10 mol) in dry dichloromethane (700 mL) was slowly added bis(2-methoxyethyl)aminosulfur trifluoride (39.7 g, 0.18 mol) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was then poured into a cold solution of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, and the crude product extracted with dichloromethane, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent gave a crude residue, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient mixture of dichloromethane:acetone (1:0 to 18:1) as an eluant to give [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-fluoromethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (107) (41.3 g, 80% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.16 (s, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.72-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.58 (d, 2H), 7.54 (dd, 1H), 7.30 (d, 2H), 5.49 (d, 2H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 4.91 (s, 2H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 1.43 (s, 3H).

¹⁹F-NMR (CDCl₃): δ −210.87 (t, 1F).

Example 100 Synthesis of 4-{[4-Fluoromethyl-5-(3-amidine-benzyloxy)-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine (108)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (107) to bis-amidine (108) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, 1H), 7.87 (d, 1H), 7.73 (dd, 1H), 7.68 (d, 2H), 6.81 (d, 2H), 5.71 (d, 2H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 4.64 (s, 2H), 2.58 (s, 3H).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 421 (M+H⁺).

Example 101 Synthesis of [5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-formyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (109)

A mixture of Dess-Martin periodinone (5.0 g, 11.8 mmol) and [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (106) (5.26 g, 10.8 mmol) in dichloromethane (200 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was then poured into a solution of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, and the crude product extracted with dichloromethane, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent gave a crude residue, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient mixture of ethyl acetate:hexane (0:1 to 2:3) as an eluant to give [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-formyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (109) (4.6 g, 88% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 10.42 (s, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 7.73 (s, 1H), 7.69 (d, 1H), 7.64 (d, 1H), 7.57 (d, 2H), 7.54 (dd, 1H), 7.34 (d, 2H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 4.99 (s, 2H), 2.59 (s, 3H), 1.43 (s, 9H).

Example 102 [5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-difluoromethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (110)

To a solution of 5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-formyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (109) (126 mg, 0.261 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (10 mL) was slowly added bis(2-methoxyethyl)aminosulfur trifluoride (222 mg, 1.0 mmol) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was then poured into a cold solution of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, and the crude product extracted with dichloromethane, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent gave a crude residue, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient mixture of ethyl acetate:hexane (0:1 to 1:1) as an eluant to give [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-difluoromethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (110) (114.5 mg, 88% yield) as a colorless foam.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.33 (s, 1H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 7.69 (d, 1H), 7.64 (d, 1H), 7.58 (d, 2H), 7.55 (dd, 1H), 7.36 (d, 2H), 6.97 (t, 1H), 5.17 (s, 2H), 4.91 (s, 2H), 2.57 (s, 3H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

¹⁹F-NMR (CDCl₃): δ −113.62 (d, 2F).

Example 103 4-{[4-Difluoromethyl-5-(3-amidine-benzyloxy)-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine (111)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (110) to bis-amidine (111) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.39 (s, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.94-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.73 (dd, 1H), 7.66 (d, 2H), 7.26 (t, 1H), 6.77 (d, 2H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 4.72 (s, 2H), 2.61 (s, 2H).

¹⁹F-NMR (CD₃OD): δ −115.14 (d, 2F).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 439 (M+H⁺).

Example 104 [5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-(1-hydroxy-ethyl)-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (112)

To a solution of 5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-formyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (109) (1.4 g, 2.9 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (50 mL) was slowly added methyl magnesium bromide (4 mL, 1.0 M, 4.0 mmol) at −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere and stirred for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was quenched with a solution of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, and the crude product extracted with ethyl acetate and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent gave a crude residue, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient mixture of ethyl acetate:hexane (0:1 to 3:2) as an eluant to give [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-(1-hydroxy-ethyl)-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (112) (1.04 g, 72% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.72-7.64 (m, 2H), 7.59 (d, 2H), 7.54 (dd, 1H), 7.32 (d, 2H), 5.36 (dq, 1H), 5.20 (d, 1H), 5.12 (d, 1H), 4.98 (d, 1H), 4.89 (d, 1H), 2.98 (d, 1H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 1.52 (d, 3H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

Example 105 [5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-(1-fluoro-ethyl)-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (113) and 4-[3,5-Dimethyl-4-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-7-oxo-5,9-dihydro-6-oxo-2,8-diaza-benzocyclohepten-8-yl]-benzonitrile (114)

To a solution of [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-(1-hydroxy-ethyl)-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (112) (245 mg, 0.10 mol) in dry dichloromethane (7 mL) was slowly added bis(2-methoxyethyl)aminosulfur trifluoride (350 mg, 1.6 mol) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was then poured into a cold solution of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, and the crude product extracted with dichloromethane, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent gave a crude residue, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient mixture of ethyl acette:hexane (0:1 to 1:1) as an eluant to give [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-(1-fluoro-ethyl)-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (113) (54 mg, 22% yield) and 4-[3,5-dimethyl-4-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-7-oxo-5,9-dihydro-6-oxa-2,8-diaza-benzocyclohepten-8-yl]-benzonitrile (114) (90 mg, 43% yield).

[5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-(1-fluoro-ethyl)-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (113)

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.20 (s, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.71-7.62 (m, 2H), 7.58 (d, 2H), 7.54 (dd, 1H), 7.33 (d, 2H), 6.01 (dq, 1H), 5.12 (d, 1H), 5.04 (d, 1H), 4.94 (d, 1H), 4.71 (d, 1H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 1.64 (dd, 1H), 1.43 (s, 9H).

¹⁹F-NMR (CDCl₃): δ −176.91 (dq, 1F).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 501 (M+H⁺).

4-[3,5-Dimethyl-4-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-7-oxo-5,9-dihydro-6-oxa-2,8-diaza-benzocyclohepten-8-yl]-benzonitrile (114)

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.70-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.66 (d, 2H), 7.54 (dd, 1H), 7.44 (d, 2H), 5.53 (q, 1H), 5.33 (d, 1H), 4.99 (d, 1H), 4.84 (d, 1H), 4.55 (d, 1H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 1.75 (d, 1H).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 425 (M+H⁺).

Example 106 4-{[4-(1-Fluoro-ethyl)-5-(3-amidine-benzyloxy)-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine (115)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (113) to bis-amidine (115) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.38 (s, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.95 (d, 1H), 7.86 (d, 1H), 7.73 (dd, 1H), 7.67 (d, 2H), 6.80 (d, 2H), 6.21 (dq, 1H), 5.12 (s, 2H), 4.66 (s, 2H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 1.77 (dd, 3H).

¹⁹F-NMR (CD₃OD): δ −178.43 (dq, 1F).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 435.14 (M+H⁺).

Example 107 4-{[4-(1-Hydroxy-ethyl)-5-(3-amidine-benzyloxy)-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine (116)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (114) to bis-amidine (116) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.97 (d, 1H), 7.88 (d, 1H), 7.75 (dd, 1H), 7.68 (d, 2H), 6.82 (d, 2H), 5.61 (q, 1H), 5.28 (d, 1H), 5.19 (d, 1H), 5.10 (d, 1H), 4.80 (d, 1H), 2.74 (s, 3H), 1.63 (d, 3H).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 433.12 (M+H⁺).

Example 108 [5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-(cyclopropyl-hydroxy-methyl)-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (117)

The addition of cyclopropyl magnesium bromide (2.8 mL, 0.5 M, 1.4 mmol) to 5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-formyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (109) (474 mg, 0.9 mmol), was carried out as described in Example 104, gave [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-(cyclopropyl-hydroxy-methyl)-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (117) (293 mg, 57% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.70-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.59 (d, 2H), 7.53 (dd, 1H), 7.34 (d, 2H), 5.22 (d, 1H), 5.15 (d, 1H), 5.03 (d, 1H), 4.87 (d, 1H), 4.39 (dd, 1H), 2.73 (d, 1H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 1.50-1.32 (m, 1H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 0.72-0.60 (m, 1H), 0.56-0.40 (m, 2H), 0.40-0.28 (m, 1H).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 525 (M+H⁺).

Example 109 4-{[5-(3-Amidine-benzyloxy)-4-(cyclopropyl-hydroxy-methyl)-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine (118)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (117) to bis-amidine (118) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.39 (s, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.95 (d, 1H), 7.88 (d, 1H), 7.74 (dd, 1H), 7.68 (d, 2H), 6.83 (d, 2H), 5.28 (d, 1H), 5.13 (d, 1H), 5.08 (d, 1H), 4.80 (d, 1H), 4.65 (d, 1H), 2.72 (s, 3H), 1.59-1.41 (m, 1H), 0.81-0.63 (m, 1H), 0.63-0.45 (m, 1H), 0.45-0.32 (m, 1H).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 459.18 (M+H⁺).

Example 110 [5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-(cyclopropyl-fluoro-methyl)-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (119)

The fluorination of [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-(cyclopropyl-hydroxy-methyl)-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (117) (201.9 mg, 0.4 mmol), as described in Example 99, gave [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-(cyclopropyl-fluoro-methyl)-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (119) (117 mg, 57% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.68-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.56 (d, 2H), 7.51 (dd, 1H), 7.32 (d, 2H), 5.19 (dd, 1H), 5.01 (dd, 1H), 4.99 (d, 1H), 4.95 (d, 1H), 4.81 (d, 1H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 1.63-1.46 (m, 1H), 1.41 (s, 9H), 0.82-0.68 (m, 1H), 0.65-0.48 (m, 2H), 0.45-0.32 (m, 1H).

¹⁹F-NMR (CDCl₃): δ −170.43 (d, 1F).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 527.26 (M+H⁺).

Example 111 (E)-3-[5-{[tert-Butoxycarbonyl-(4-cyano-phenyl)-amino]-methyl}-3-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl]-acrylic acid methyl ester (120)

To a solution of sodium hydride (124 mg, 60% in oil, 3.1 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was added methyl diethyl phosphonoacetate (661 mg, 3.1 mmol) at −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere and stirred for 15 minutes. To the reaction mixture was added 5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-formyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (109) (523 mg, 1.1 mmol) and stirred for 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was then poured into a cold solution of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, and the crude product extracted with dichloromethane, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent gave a crude residue, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient mixture of ethyl acetate:hexane (0:1 to 1:1) as an eluant to give (E)-3-[5-{[tert-butoxycarbonyl-(4-cyano-phenyl)-amino]-methyl}-3-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl]-acrylic acid methyl ester (120) (428 mg, 738% yield) as a colorless oil.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.72-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.61-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.57 (d, 1H), 7.55 (d, 2H), 7.50 (dd, 1H), 7.23 (d, 2H), 6.42 (d, 1H), 4.97 (s, 2H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 1.43 (s, 9H).

Example 112 3-(5-{[tert-Butoxycarbonyl-(4-cyano-phenyl)-amino]-methyl}-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester (121)

The hydrogenation of (E)-3-[5-{[tert-butoxycarbonyl-(4-cyano-phenyl)-amino]-methyl}-3-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl]-acrylic acid methyl ester (120) (226 mg, 0.4 mmol) to 3-(5-{[tert-butoxycarbonyl-(4-cyano-phenyl)-amino]-methyl}-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester (121) was carried out as described in Example 32.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.56 (d, 2H), 7.27 (d, 2H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 2.94 (t, 1H), 2.67 (t, 1H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 1.42 (s, 9H).

Example 113 3-[5-{[tert-Butoxycarbonyl-(4-cyano-phenyl)-amino]-methyl}-3-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl]-propionic acid methyl ester (122)

The coupling of 3-(5-{[tert-butoxycarbonyl-(4-cyano-phenyl)-amino]-methyl}-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester (121) and α-bromo-m-tolunitrile (102 mg, 0.5 mmol), as described in Example 1, gave 3-[5-{[tert-butoxycarbonyl-(4-cyano-phenyl)-amino]-methyl}-3-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl]-propionic acid methyl ester (122) (162 mg, 68% yield for 2 steps).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.78 (m, 1H), 7.70-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.58 (d, 2H), 7.54 (dd, 1H), 7.29 (d, 2H), 4.98 (s, 2H), 4.86 (s, 2H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 2.06 (t, 1H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.49 (t, 1H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 1.44 (s, 9H).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 541 (M+H⁺).

Example 114 3-[5-[(4-Carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-2-methyl-3-(3-amidine-benzyloxy)-pyridin-4-yl]-propionamide (123)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (122) to bis-amidine (123) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H), 7.96 (d, 1H), 7.89 (d, 1H), 7.74 (dd, 1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 6.85 (d, 2H), 5.25 (s, 2H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 3.26 (t, 2H), 2.79 (s, 3H, s), 2.66 (t, 2H).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 460.16 (M+H⁺).

Example 115 [5-(4-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (124)

The coupling of (4-cyano-phenyl)-(5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (105) (137.0 g, 0.37 mole) and α-bromo-p-tolunitrile (72.7 g, 370 mmol), as described in Example 1, gave [5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (124) (126.0 g, 70% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.72-7.69 (m, 2H), 7.63-7.59 (m, 4H), 7.31-7.28 (m, 2H), 5.02 (s, 4H), 4.75 (m, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 1.40 (s, 9H).

Example 116 [5-(4-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-formyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (125)

The oxidation of [5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (124) (5.8 g, 11.9 mmol) to give [5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-formyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (125) (3.58 g, 62% yield) was carried out as described in Example 101.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 10.42 (s, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.56-7.51 (m, 4H), 7.33 (d, 2H), 5.19 (s, 2H), 5.02 (s, 2H), 2.57 (s, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H).

Example 117 [5-(4-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-difluoromethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (126)

The fluorination of [5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-formyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (125) (390 mg, 0.8 mmol), was carried out as described in Example 102, gave [5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-difluoromethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (126) (343 mg, 84% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.35 (s, 1H), 7.74 (d, 2H), 7.61-7.54 (m, 4H), 7.37 (d, 2H), 6.98 (t, 1H), 5.18 (s, 2H), 4.95 (s, 2H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

¹⁹F-NMR (CDCl₃): δ −113.67 (d, 2F).

Example 118 4-{5-[(4-Carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-4-fluoromethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl}-benzamidine (127)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (126) to bis-amidine (127) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.38 (s, 1H), 7.91 (d, 2H), 7.77 (d, 2H), 7.64 (d, 2H), 7.23 (t, 1H), 5.15 (s, 2H), 4.71 (s, 2H), 2.58 (s, 3H).

¹⁹F-NMR (CD₃OD): δ −115.36 (d, 2F).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 439.08 (M+H⁺).

Example 119 Synthesis of 4-((5-(3-cyanobenzyloxy)-4,6-dimethylpyridin-3-yl)methylamino-2,5-difluorobenzonitrile (128)

The reductive amination of 3-((5-formyl-2,4-dimethylpyridin-3-yloxy)methylbenzonitrile (27) (190 mg, 0.7 mmol) and 4-amino-2,5-difluorobenzonitrile (330 mg, 2.1 mmol), was carried out as described in Example 21, gave 4-((5-(3-cyanobenzyloxy)-4,6-dimethylpyridin-3-yl)methylamino-2,5-difluorobenzonitrile a colorless solid (128) (97 mg, 34% yield).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, 2H), 7.67-7.60 (m, 2H), 6.74 (q, 1H), 4.90 (s, 2H), 4.41 (d, 2H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.23 (s, 3H).

¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ −111.71 (d, 1F), −137.04 (d, 1F).

Example 120 Synthesis of 4-((5-(3-amidinebenzyloxy)-4,6-dimethylpyridin-3-yl)methylamino)-2,5-difluorobenzamidine (129)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (128) to bis-amidine (129) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.89-7.85 (m, 4H), 6.71 (q, 1H), 4.91 (s, 2H), 4.44 (d, 2H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.32 (s, 3H).

¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ −114.03 (d, 1F), −138.38 (d, 1H).

Example 121 Synthesis of tert-butyl (5-(3-cyanobenzyloxy)-4,6-dimethylpyridin-3-yl)methyl-4-cyanophenycarbamate (130)

The amine 4-{[5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzonitrile (32) (40.5 g, 109.93 mmol) on treatment with di-t-butyldicarbonate (47.9 g, 220 mmole), gave tert-butyl (5-(3-cyanobenzyloxy)-4,6-dimethylpyridin-3-yl)methyl-4-cyanophenycarbamate (130) (49.7 g, 97% yield) as carried out in Example 96.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, 2H), 7.59-7.54 (m, 3H), 7.29 (d, 2H), 4.86 (d, 4H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

Example 122 Synthesis of [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-1-oxy-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-4(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (131)

A solution of tert-butyl (5-(3-cyanobenzyloxy)-4,6-dimethylpyridin-3-yl)methyl-4-cyanophenycarbamate (130) (48.0 g, 102.44 mmol) and 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (22.8 g, 132 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (500 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was poured into a solution of saturated aqueous sodium carbonate, and the crude product extracted with dichloromethane, and then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated to dryness, and diethyl ether was added to induce precipitation. The product was collected by filtration, washed with diethyl ether and dried under vaccum to give [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-1-oxy-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-4(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (131) (44.6 g, 90% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.71-7.55 (m, 5H), 7.33 (d, 2H), 4.84 (d, 4H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Example 123 Synthesis of 4-{[5-(3-amidine-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimhyl-1-oxy-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine (132)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (131) to bis-amidine (132) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 8.07 (s, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.92-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.74-7.65 (m, 3H) 6.78 (d, 2H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 4.51 (s, 2H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 2.42 (s, 3H).

Example 124 Synthesis of 3-((5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)benzonitrile (133)

The coupling of 4-deoxymethylpyridoxol (600 mg, 4.3 mmol) and α-bromo-m-tolunitrile (2.5 g, 12.9 mmol), as described in Example 1, gave 3-((5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)benzonitrile (133) (489 mg, 44% yield) a light yellow solid.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.87-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.73 (d, 1H), 7.61 (t, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 5.24 (s, 2H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H).

Example 125 Synthesis of 3-((5-formyl-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)benzonitrile (134)

The oxidation of 3-((5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)benzonitrile (133) (490 mg, 1.9 mmol) to 3-((5-formyl-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)benzonitrile (134) (311 mg, 64% yield) as a light yellow solid was carried out as described in Example 13.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 10.05 (s, 1H), 7.90-7.82 (m, 3H), 7.75-7.65 (m, 2H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 5.24 (s, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H).

Example 126 Synthesis of 4-((5-(3-cyanobenzyloxy)-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)methylamino)benzonitrile (135)

The reductive amination of 3-((5-formyl-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)benzonitrile (134) (300 mg, 1.2 mmol) and 4-aminobenzonitrile (422 mg, 3.6 mmol), as described in Example 21, gave 4-((5-(3-cyanobenzyloxy)-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)methylamino)benzonitrile (135) (95.24 mg, 22.58% yield).

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.74-7.64 (m, 3H), 7.55-7.50 (m, 1H), 7.36-7.33 (m, 3H), 6.61 (d, 2H), 5.18 (s, 2H), 4.38 (s, 2H), 2.46 (s, 3H).

Example 127 Synthesis of 4-((5-(3-amidinebenzyloxy)-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)methylamino)benzamidine

The conversion of bis-nitrile (135) to bis-amidine (136) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, 1H), 7.80 (d, 1H), 7.70-7.61 (m, 3H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 6.77 (d, 2H), 5.28 (s, 2H), 4.49 (s, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H).

Example 128 Synthesis of [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-6-hydroxymethyl-4-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (137)

A mixture of [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-1-oxy-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-4(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (131) (40.0 g, 82.5 mmol), trifluoroacetic anhydride (115 mL, 827 mmol) and anhydrous dichloromethane (1.0 L) was stirred at room temperature for 2 days. The reaction mixture was poured into a solution of aqueous sodium hydroxide (1 L, 1N), stirred for 15 minutes, and the crude product was extracted with dichloromethane, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated to dryness to give [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-6-hydroxymethyl-4-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (137) (23.9 g, 60% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.87-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.76(d, 2H), 7.65 (t, 1H), 7.49 (d, 2H), 5.0 (s, 2H), 4.93 (s, 2H), 4.50 (d, 2H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 1.40 (s, 9H).

Example 129 Synthesis of 4-{[5-(3-Amidine-benzyloxy)-6-hydroxymethyl-4-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine (138)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (137) to bis-amidine (138) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 9.40 and 9.25 (s, 3H), 8.82 and 8.59 (s, 3H), 8.24 (s, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.92-7.80 (m, 2H), 7.71 (d, 1H), 7.66 (d, 2H), 6.77 (d, 2H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 4.71 (s, 2H), 4.48(s, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H).

Example 130 Synthesis of [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-6-fluoromethyl-4-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (139)

The fluorination of [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-6-hydroxymethyl-4-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (137) (17.0 g, 35.1 mmol), was carried out as described in Example 99, gave [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-6-fluoromethyl-4-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (139) (8.7 g, 51% yield).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.88-7.76 (m, 4H), 7.66 (t, 1H), 7.51 (d, 2H), 5.40 (d, 2H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 4.93 (s, 2H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 1.40 (s, 9H).

¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ −209.97 (s, 1F).

Example 131 Synthesis of 4-{[5-(3-Amidine-benzyloxy)-6-fluoro-methyl-4-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine (140)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (139) to bis-amidine (140) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 9.50 and 9.28 (s, 4H), 8.89 and 8.65 (s, 4H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.90-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.71 (d, 1H), 7.69 (d, 2H), 7.43 (s, 2H), 7.36 (t, 1H), 7.27 (s, 2H), 7.10 (s, 2H), 6.77 (d, 2H), 5.48 (d, 2H), 4.99 (s, 2H), 4.45 (s, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H).

¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ −208.89 (t, 1F).

Example 132 Synthesis of [5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-6-formyl-4-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (141)

A solution of [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-6-hydroxymethyl-4-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (137) (235 mg, 0.484 mmol) and manganese (IV) dioxide (198 mg, 1.93 mmol) in methyl alcohol (5 mL) at room temperature for 2 hours. Excess manganese (IV) dioxide was filtered through a celite pad and washed with ethyl acetate. The filtrate was evaporated to give a crude residue, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient mixture of ethyl acetate:hexane (0:1 to 1:0) as eluant to give [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-6-formyl-4-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (141) (154 mg, 66% yield) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 10.12 (s, 1H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.78 (d, 1H), 7.68 (d, 1H), 7.61 (d, 2H), 7.54 (dd, 1H), 7.32 (d, 2H), 4.99 (s, 2H), 4.96 (s, 2H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

Example 133 Synthesis of 4-{[5-(3-Amidine-benzyloxy)-6-formyl-4-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine (142)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (141) to bis-amidine (142) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 10.1 (s, 1H), 9.39 and 9.21 (s, 4H), 8.82 and 8.56 (s, 4H), 8.45 (s, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.93-7.88 (m, 1H), 7.86-7.80 (m, 1H), 7.71 (d, 1H), 7.65 (d, 2H), 6.76 (d, 2H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 4.52 (s, 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H).

Example 134 Synthesis of 5-{[tert-Butoxycarbonyl-(4-cyano-phenyl)-amino]-methyl}-3-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-methyl-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (143)

A mixture of [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-6-formyl-4-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (141) (140 mg, 0.3 mmol), sodium cyanide (272 mg, 5.5 mmol), manganese (IV) dioxide (422 mg, 85%, 0.29 mmol), acetic acid (256 mg, 4.2 mmol) in methyl alcohol (40 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. The solid was filtered through a celite pad and washed several times with methanol. The filtrate was evaporated to give a crude residue, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient mixture of ethyl acetate:hexane (0:1 to 1:0) as eluant to give 5-{[tert-butoxycarbonyl-(4-cyano-phenyl)-amino]-methyl}-3-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-methyl-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (143) (142 mg, 96% yield) as a light yellow oil.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.28 (s, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.74 (ddd, 1H), 7.67 (ddd, 1H), 7.59 (dd, 1H), 7.58 (dd, 1H), 7.53 (dd, 1H), 7.30 (dd, 1H), 7.29 (dd, 1H), 5.01 (s, 2H), 4.95 (s, 2H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 513.1 (M+H⁺).

Example 135 Synthesis of 3-(3-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-5-[(4-carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-4-methyl-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid amide (144)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (143) to bis-amidine (144) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 9.37 (s, 2H), 9.22 (s, 2H), 8.81 (s, 2H), 8.58 (s, 2H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 7.98-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.79 (d, 1H), 7.67 (d, 1H), 7.49 (d, 2H), 6.76 (d, 2H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 4.46 (s, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 432 (M+H⁺).

Example 136 Synthesis of 5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-1-oxy-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (145)

The oxidation of [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (106) (2.0 g, 4.1 mmol), was carried out as described in Example 122, gave 5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-1-oxy-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (145) (1.7 g, 82% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.73-7.65 (m, 2H), 7.66 (d, 2H), 7.55 (dd, 1H), 7.35 (d, 2H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 4.98 (s, 2H), 4.72 (s, 2H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 1.41 (s, 9H).

Example 137 Synthesis of [5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-bis-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (146)

The conversion of 5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-1-oxy-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (145) (1.7 g, 3.4 mmol) to [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-bis-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (146) (740 mg, 44% yield) as a light yellow solid was carried out as described in Example 128.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.70 (d, 1H), 7.67 (d, 1H), 7.64 (d, 2H), 7.54 (dd, 1H), 7.31 (d, 2H), 5.05 (s, 2H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 4.72 (s, 2H), 1.40 (s, 9H).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 501 (M+H⁺).

Example 138 Synthesis of [5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-bis-fluoromethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (147)

The fluorination of [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-bis-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (146) (551 mg, 1.1 mmol), was carried out as described in Example 102, gave [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-bis-fluoromethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (147) (320 mg, 57% yield) as a colorless foam.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.35 (s, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.73-7.64 (m, 2H), 7.60 (d, 2H), 7.55 (dd, 1H), 7.32 (d, 2H), 5.53 (d, 2H), 5.50 (d, 2H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 5.02 (s, 2H), 1.43 (s, 9H).

¹⁹F-NMR (CDCl₃) δ −211.08 (t, 1F), −211.60 (t, 1F).

Example 139 Synthesis of 4-{[4,6-Bis-fluoromethyl-5-(3-amidine-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine (148)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (147) to bis-amidine (148) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.49 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.93 (d, 1H), 7.88 (d, 1H), 7.74 (dd, 1H), 7.68 (d, 2H), 6.82 (d, 2H), 5.85 (d, 2H), 5.57 (d, 2H), 5.18 (s, 2H), 4.72 (s, 2H).

¹⁹F-NMR (CD₃OD): δ −213.65 (t, 1F), −215.03 (t, 1F).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 439 (M+H⁺).

Example 140 Synthesis of [5-(4-Cyano-benzyloxy)-1-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (149)

The oxidation of [5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (124) (5.00 g, 10.3 mmole), was carried out as described in Example 122, gave [5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-1-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester [5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-1-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (149) (4.8 g, 93% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.72 (d, 2H), 7.63 (d, 2H), 7.58 (d, 2H), 7.36 (d, 2H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 5.00 (s, 2H), 4.69 (s, 2H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 1.42 (s, 9H).

Example 141 Synthesis of [5-(4-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-bis-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (150)

The conversion of [5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-1-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (149) (4.73 g, 9.4 mmol) to [5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-bis-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (150) (3.0 g, 63% yield) was carried out as described in Example 128.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.07 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, 2H), 7.60-7.54 (m, 4H), 7.36 (d, 2H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 4.69 (s, 2H), 2.00 (s, 3H), 1.38 (s, 9H).

Example 142 Synthesis of 4-{5-[(4-Carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-2,4-bis-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl}-benzamidine (151)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (147) to bis-amidine (148) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.35 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, 2H), 7.81 (d, 2H), 7.67 (d, 2H), 5.27 (s, 2H), 4.93-4.90 (m, 4H), 4.83 (s, 2H).

MS m/z (ES⁺): 435.07 (M+H⁺).

Example 143 Synthesis of [5-(4-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-bis-fluoromethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butylester (152)

The fluorination [5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-bis-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (150) (912 mg, 1.8 mmol), was carried out as described in Example 102, gave [5-(4-cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-bis-fluoromethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butylester (152) (453 mg, 49% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.36 (s, 1H), 7.75-7.73 (m, 2H), 7.62-7.58 (m, 4H), 7.35-7.32 (m, 2H), 5.61 (d, 1H), 5.59 (d, 1H), 5.45 (d, 1H), 5.43 (d, 1H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 5.06 (s, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

¹⁹F-NMR (CDCl₃): δ −211.13 (t, 1F), −211.68 (t, 1F).

Example 144 Synthesis of 4-{5-[(4-Carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-2,4-bis-fluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl}-benzamidine (153)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (152) to bis-amidine (153) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.47 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, 2H), 7.78 (d, 2H), 7.65 (d, 2H), 6.79 (d, 2H), 5.72 (d, 2H), 5.31 (d, 2H), 5.17 (s, 2H), 4.69 (s, 2H),

¹⁹F-NMR (CD₃OD): δ−213.88 (t, 1F), −215.14 (t, 1F).

MS m/z (ES⁺): 439.09 (M+H⁺).

Example 145 Synthesis of [5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-(1-hydroxy-ethyl)-6-methyl-1-oxy-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (154)

The oxidation of [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-(1-hydroxy-ethyl)-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (112) (769 mg, 1.5), was carried out as described in Example 122, gave [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-(1-hydroxy-ethyl)-6-methyl-1-oxy-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (154) (794 g, 100% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.73-7.64 (m, 2H), 7.60 (d, 2H), 7.56 (dd, 1H), 7.38 (d, 2H), 5.34 (q, 1H), 5.25 (d, 1H), 5.09 (d, 1H), 4.98 (d, 1H), 4.91 (d, 1H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 1.51 (d, 1H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 515 (M+H⁺).

Example 146 Synthesis of [5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-(1-hydroxy-ethyl)-6-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (155)

The conversion of [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-(1-hydroxy-ethyl)-6-methyl-1-oxy-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (154) (794 mg, 1.5 mmol) to [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-(1-hydroxy-ethyl)-6-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (155) (172 mg, 22% yield) was carried out as described in Example 128.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.16 (s, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.70-7.62 (m, 2H), 7.57 (d, 2H), 7.53 (dd, 1H), 7.34 (d, 2H), 5.39 (q, 1H), 5.27 (d, 1H), 5.18 (d, 1H), 4.99 (d, 1H), 4.89 (d, 1H), 4.70 (s, 2H), 1.51 (d, 3H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

Example 147 Synthesis of [5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4-(1-fluoro-ethyl)-6-fluoromethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (156)

The fluorination of [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-(1-hydroxy-ethyl)-6-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (155) (170 mg, 0.3 mmol), was carried out as described in Example 102, gave [5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-(1-fluoro-ethyl)-6-fluoromethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (156) (55 mg, 32% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.38 (s, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.72-7.64 (m, 2H), 7.59 (d, 2H), 7.54 (dd, 1H), 7.35 (d, 2H), 6.05 (dq, 1H), 5.48 (d, 1H), 5.19 (d, 1H), 5.09 (d, 1H), 5.07 (d, 1H), 4.99 (d, 1H), 1.67 (dd, 3H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

¹⁹F-NMR (CDCl₃): δ −177.18 (dq, 1F), −210.05 (t, 1F).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 519 (M+H⁺).

Example 148 Synthesis of 4-{[4-(1-Fluoro-ethyl)-6-fluoromethyl-5-(3-amidine-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine (157)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (156) to bis-amidine (157) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.50 (s, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.94 (d, 1H), 7.87 (d, 1H), 7.74 (dd, 1H), 7.68 (d, 2H), 6.80 (d, 2H), 6.24 (dq, 1H), 5.60 (dd, 1H), 5.55 (dd, 1H), 5.22 (d, 1H), 5.17 (d, 1H), 4.72 (s, 2H), 3.74-3.48 (m, 1H), 1.79 (dd, 3H).

¹⁹F-NMR (CD₃OD): δ −178.21 (dq, 1F), −213.61 (dd, 1F).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 543.14 (M+H⁺).

Example 149 Synthesis of (E)-3-[5-{[tert-Butoxycarbonyl-(4-cyano-phenyl)-amino]-methyl}-3-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-methyl-pyridin-2-yl]-acrylic acid methyl ester (158)

The Wittig-reaction of methyl diethyl phosphonoacetate (125 mg, 0.6 mmol) to 3[5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-6-formyl-4-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-(4-cyano-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (141) (110 mg, 0.2 mmol), as described in Example 111, (E)-3-[5-{[tert-Butoxycarbonyl-(4-cyano-phenyl)-amino]-methyl}-3-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-methyl-pyridin-2-yl]-acrylic acid methyl ester (158) (103 mg, 84% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.72-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.59 (d, 2H), 7.54 (dd, 1H), 7.30 (d, 2H), 6.99 (d, 1H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

Example 150 Synthesis of (E)-3-[5-[(4-Carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-4-methyl-3-(3-amidine-benzyloxy)-pyridin-2-yl]-acrylamide (159) and 3-Amino-3-[5-[(4-carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-4-methyl-3-(3-amidine-benzyloxy)-pyridin-2-yl]-propionamide (160)

Hydrogen chloride gas was bubbled into a suspension of (E)-3-[5-{[tert-butoxycarbonyl-(4-cyano-phenyl)-amino]-methyl}-3-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4-methyl-pyridin-2-yl]-acrylic acid methyl ester (158) (106 mg, 0.20 mmol) in absolute ethyl alcohol (20 mL) at 0° C. for 15 minutes. The flask was sealed with a rubber septum and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was purged with nitrogen gas for 1 hour to remove the excess hydrogen chloride gas and the solvent evaporated to give the crude imino ester. Ammonia in methyl alcohol (20 mL, 7M, 140 mmol) was then added to the crude ester and stirred overnight at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated and the product purified by HPLC on C18 column using a gradient mixture of water with 0.1% trifluoro acetic acid:methyl alcohol (98:2 to 0:1) as eluant to give (E)-3-[5-[(4-carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-4-methyl-3-(3-amidine-benzyloxy)-pyridin-2-yl]-acrylamide (159) (51 mg, 38% yield) and 3-amino-3-[5-[(4-carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-4-methyl-3-(3-amidine-benzyloxy)-pyridin-2-yl]-propionamide (160) (9 mg, 6% yield)

(E)-3-[5-[(4-Carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-4-methyl-3-(3-amidine-benzyloxy)-pyridin-2-yl]-acrylamide (159)

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, 1H), 7.86 (d, 1H), 7.85 (d, 1H), 7.69 (d, 2H), 7.69 (dd, 1H), 7.08 (d, 1H), 6.82 (d, 2H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 4.56 (s, 2H), 2.51 (s, 3H).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 458.21 (M+H⁺).

3-Amino-3-[5-[(4-carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-4-methyl-3-(3-amidine-benzyloxy)-pyridin-2-yl]-propionamide (160)

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.40 (s, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, 1H), 7.86 (d, 1H), 7.71 (dd, 1H), 7.68 (d, 2H), 6.82 (d, 2H), 5.18 (d, 2H), 5.11 (dd, 2H), 5.09 (d, 2H), 4.53 (s, 2H), 2.94 (dd, 2H), 2.80 (dd, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H).

MS m/s (ES⁺): 475.22 (M+H⁺).

Example 151 Synthesis of 3-[4-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl]-benzonitrile (161)

A mixture of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridine-3,4-diol (4.0 g, 35.8 mmol), α-bromo-m-tolunitrile (8.8 g, 44.8 mmol) and cesium carbonate (15.6 g, 47.8 mmol) was stirred in DMF (20 mL) for 150 minutes. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness, and the crude product purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient of dichloromethane:methyl alcohol (1:0 to 19:1) as eluant to give product 3-[4-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl]-benzonitrile (161) (2 g, 20% yield).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.81-7.73 (m, 4H), 7.62-7.52 (m, 3H), 7.29 (d, 1H), 5.33 (s, 2H), 5.01 (s, 2H), 4.38 (d, 2H), 2.01 (s, 3H).

Example 152 Synthesis of 3-[4-(3-Amidino-benzyloxy)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl]-benzamidine (162)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (161) to bis-amidine (162) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.52 (t, 1H), 7.45-7.34 (m, 3H), 7.28 (t, 1H), 7.19 (t, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 6.98 (d, 2H), 5.06 (s, 2H), 4.78 (s, 2H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 1.68 (s, 2H).

Example 153 Synthesis of 2-(Cyclopropanecarbonyl-amino)-propionic acid ethyl ester (163)

To a solution of L-alanine ethyl ester hydrochloride (50 g, 325 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (800 mL) added triethylamine (65.8 g, 650 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. To the reaction mixture cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride (50.96 g, 0.487 mole) was slowly added and stirred at room temperature for overnight. The reaction mixture was then poured into a cold solution of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, and the crude product extracted with dichloromethane, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent gave a crude residue, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of ethyl acetate:hexane (1:1) as eluant to give 2-(cyclopropanecarbonyl-amino)-propionic acid ethyl ester (163) (58.0 g, 96% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 6.5 (s, 1H), 4.58-4.48 (m, 1H), 4.17-4.10 (m, 2H), 1.35-1.33 (m, 3H), 1.24-1.19 (m, 3H), 0.92-0.87 (m, 3H), 0.72-0.65 (m, 2H).

Example 154 Synthesis of 4-Cyclopropyl-5-ethoxy-2-methyl-oxazole (164)

A solution of 2-(cyclopropanecarbonyl-amino)-propionic acid ethyl ester (163) (50.0 g, 269 mmol) in chloroform anhydrous was cannulated into a solution of P₂O₅ (153 g, 539 mmol) in anhydrous chloroform (1000 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then poured into a cold solution of 20% aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (800 mL), stirred at room temperature for 4 hours and the crude product was extracted with chloroform, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent to dryness gave 4-cyclopropyl-5-ethoxy-2-methyl-oxazole (164) (41.2 g, 91% yield) as a light brown oil

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 4.03-3.96 (m, 2H), 1.89 (s, 3H), 1.80 (m, 1H), 1.26-1.22 (m, 3H), 0.89-0.82 (m, 4H).

Example 155 Synthesis of 2-Cyclopropyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (165)

2-Cyclopropyl-5-ethoxy-4-methyl-oxazole (164) (33.8 g, 0202 mmol) in neat dimethyl maleate (115.8 g, 807 mmol) was refluxed for 4 hours. The reaction was cooled to 0° C., added anhydrous methyl alcohol (500 mL) and bubbled hydrogen chloride gas into the suspension for 15 minutes. The reaction flask was sealed with a rubber septum and kept in a fridge for overnight. The solid was filtered off and washed with methanol and diethyl ether. The filtrate was evaporated to give 2-cyclopropyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (165) (35.2 g, 66% yield) as a colorless solids.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 10.20-10.14 (m, 2H), 3.78 (s, 6H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 1.15-1.08 (m, 1H), 0.89-0.84 (m, 4H).

Example 156 Synthesis of 6-Cyclopropyl-4,5-bis-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-ol (166)

A solution of 2-cyclopropyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (165) (30 g, 113 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (400 mL) was slowly cannulated into a suspension of LiAlH₄ in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (400 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was heated at 60° C. for 3 hours, cooled in an ice bath and slowly quenched with water. The colorless gel formed was filtered off through a celite pad and washed with methyl alcohol. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness to give 6-cyclopropyl-4,5-bis-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-ol (166) (15.0 g, 63% yield) as a colorless solids.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 4.39 (s, 2H), 4.22 (s, 2H), 1.85 (s, 3H), 1.81-1.74 (m, 1H), 0.49-0.33 (m, 4H).

Example 157 Synthesis of (6-Cyclopropyl-2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)-methanol (167)

Sulfuric acid (18.71 g, 0.1908 mole, 10 ml) was added to a solution of 6-cyclopropyl-4,5-bis-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-ol (166) (10.0 g, 47.7 mmol) in anhydrous acetone (60 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight, poured into a cold solution of aqueous sodium hydroxide (excess) and the crude product was extracted with chloroform and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent gave a crude residue, which was purified on a silica gel column using a mixture of ethyl acetate hexane (2:8) as eluant to give (6-cyclopropyl-2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)-methanol (167) (5.2 g, 44% yield) as a brown liquid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 4.92 (s, 2H), 4.70 (s, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.13-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.51 (s, 6H), 0.99-0.96 (m, 2H), 0.87-0.83 (m, 2H).

Example 158 Synthesis of 6-Cyclopropyl-2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbaldehyde (168)

The oxidation of (6-cyclopropyl-2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)-methanol (167) (4.89 g, 19.2 mmol) to 6-cyclopropyl-2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbaldehyde (168) (3.1 g, 65% yield) was carried out as described in Example 13.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 10.71 (s, 1H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 2.49-2.43 (m, 1H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 6H), 1.19-1.14 (m, 2H), 1.01-0.95 (m, 2H).

Example 159 Synthesis of 4-[(6-Cyclopropyl-2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-ylmethyl)-amino]-benzonitrile (169)

The reductive amination of 6-cyclopropyl-2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridine-5-carbaldehyde (168) (5.11 g, 20.6 mmol) and 4-aminobenzonitrile (2.9 g, 24.7 mmol), as described in Example 21, gave give 4-[(6-cyclopropyl-2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-ylmethyl)-amino]-benzonitrile (169) (3.7 g, 51% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.49-7.46 (d, 2H), 6.67-6.64 (d, 2H), 4.86 (s, 2H), 4.25-4.16 (s, 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.02-1.94 (m, 1H), 1.53 (s, 6H), 1.05-1.02 (m, 2H), 0.89-0.84 (m, 2H).

Example 160 Synthesis of 4-[(2-Cyclopropyl-5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-amino]-benzonitrile (170)

The hydrolysis of 4-[(6-cyclopropyl-2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridin-5-ylmethyl)-amino]-benzonitrile (169) (3.7 g, 10.59 mmol), as described in Example 10, gave 4-[(2-cyclopropyl-5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-amino]-benzonitrile (170) (1.98 g, 61% yield).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 8.95 (s, 1H), 7.49-7.46 (d, 2H), 6.78-6.75 (d, 2H), 6.65-6.62 (m, 1H), 5.60-5.57 (m, 1H), 4.66-4.64 (d, 2H), 4.34-4.33 (d, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.05-2.00 (m, 1H), 0.88-0.83(m, 2H), 0.79-0.73(m, 2H).

Example 161 Synthesis of 3-((5-((4-aminophenylcyano)methyl)-6-cyclopropyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)benzonitrile (171)

The coupling of 4-[(2-cyclopropyl-5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-amino]-benzonitrile (170) (754 mg, 2.4 mmol) and α-bromo-m-tolunitrile (526 mg, 2.7 mmol), as described in Example 1, gave 3-((5-((4-aminophenylcyano)methyl)-6-cyclopropyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)benzonitrile (171) (550 mg, 54% yield).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.89-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.68-7.62 (m, 1H), 7.50-7.47 (m, 2H), 6.81-6.75 (m, 3H), 4.95 (s, 2H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 4.46-4.45 (m, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.13-2.08 (m, 1H), 0.95-0.79 (m, 4H).

Example 162 Synthesis of 3-{5-[(4-Carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-6-cyclopropyl-4-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl}-benzamidine (172)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (171) to bis-amidine (172) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 9.39 (s, 2H), 9.28 (s, 2H), 8.81 (s, 2H), 8.59 (s, 2H), 7.95-7.82 (m, 3H), 7.71-7.66 (m, 3H), 6.83-6.82 (m, 2H), 4.98 (s, 2H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 4.53 (s, 2H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.15-2.08 (m, 1H), 0.98-0.93 (m, 2H), 0.88-0.82 (m, 2H)

MS m/z (ES⁺): 459.60 (M+H⁺).

Example 163 Synthesis of 4-((5-((4-Aminophenylcyano)methyl)-6-cyclopropyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)benzonitrile (173)

The coupling of 4-[(2-cyclopropyl-5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-amino]-benzonitrile (170) (743 mg, 2.4 mmol) and α-bromo-p-tolunitrile (517 mg, 2.6 mmol), as described in Example 1, gave 4-((5-((4-aminophenylcyano)methyl)-6-cyclopropyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)benzonitrile (173) (742 mg, 73% yield).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 7.91-7.88-(d, 2H), 7.73-7.70 (d, 2H), 7.49-7.47 (d, 2H), 6.81-6.76 (d, 2H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 5.33 (s, 1H), 4.99 (s, 2H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 4.46-4.45 (m, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.14-2.06(m, 1H), 0.94-0.91(m, 2H), 0.86-0.81(m, 2H).

Example 164 Synthesis of 4-{5-[(4-Carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-6-cyclopropyl-4-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl}-benzamidine (174)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (173) to bis-amidine (174) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (D₂O): δ 7.74-7.71 (m, 2H), 7.63-7.60 (m, 4H), 6.81-6.79 (m, 2H), 5.13 (s, 2H), 4.99 (s, 2H), 2.64 (s, 3H), 2.33-2.31 (m, 1H), 1.20-1.15 (m, 2H), 1.04-1.00(m, 2H).

MS m/z (ES⁺): 459.60 (M+H⁺).

Example 165 Synthesis of Acetic acid 4-carboxyoxymethyl-6-cyclopropyl-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-yl ester (175)

To a solution of 6-cyclopropyl-4,5-bis-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-ol (166) (10.2 g, 48.8 mmol) in water (100 mL) was added hydrochloric acid (60 mL, 1N), followed by acetic anhydride (12.5 mL) and stirred at room temperature for one hour. The crude product extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated to give acetic acid 4-carboxyoxymethyl-6-cyclopropyl-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-yl ester (175) (10.6 g, 74% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 5.24 (s, 2H), 4.91 (s, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.10-1.06 (m, 2H), 0.98-0.93 (m, 2H).

Example 166 Synthesis of Acetic acid 5-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-6-propyl-pyridin-3-yl ester (176)

The acetic acid 4-carboxyoxymethyl-6-cyclopropyl-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-yl ester (175) (10.6 g, 35.9 mmol) in methyl alcohol:water (1:1, 100 mL) was hydrogenated in the presence of 10% palladium on carbon (3.8 g) at room temperature for overnight. The product was filtered through a celite pad and evaporated to give acetic acid 5-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-6-propyl-pyridin-3-yl ester (176) (7.2 g, 89% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 4.70 (s, 2H), 2.81-2.76 (m, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 1.70-1.63 (m, 2H), 0.99 (t, 3H).

Example 167 Synthesis of 5-Hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-6-propyl-pyridin-3-ol (177)

A solution of acetic acid 5-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-6-propyl-pyridin-3-yl ester (176) (7.8 g, 32.9 mmol) in hydrochloric acid (100 mL, 1N) was refluxed for 90 minutes. The reaction mixture was evaporated to give 5-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-6-propyl-pyridin-3-ol (177) (6.8 g, 97% yield).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 4.53 (s, 2H), 3.04-2.99 (m, 2H), 2.65 (s, 3H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 1.67-1.57 (m, 2H), 0.94 (t, 3H).

Example 168 Synthesis of 3-(5-Hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-6-propyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl)-benzonitrile (178)

The coupling of 5-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-6-propyl-pyridin-3-ol (177) (6.8 g, 29.3 mmol) and α-bromo-m-tolunitrile (5.74 g, 29.3 mol), as described in Example 1, gave 4-((5-((4-aminophenylcyano)methyl)-6-cyclopropyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-yloxy)methyl)benzonitrile (173) (742 mg, 73% yield).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 7.95 (1H, s), 7.87-7.83 (m, 2), 7.64 (t, 1H), 4.8 (s, 2H), 4.48 (d, 2H), 2.75-2.70 (m, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 1.66-1.59 (m, 2H), 0.933 (t, 3H).

Example 169 Synthesis of 3-(5-Formyl-2,4-dimethyl-6-propyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl)-benzonitrile (179)

The oxidation of 3-(5-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl-6-propyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl)-benzonitrile (178) (5.0 g, 16.1 mmol) to 3-(5-formyl-2,4-dimethyl-6-propyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl)-benzonitrile (179) (750 mg, 15% yield) was carried out as described in Example 13.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.83 (1H, s), 7.75 (d, 1H), 7.62 (t, 1H), 7.34 (d, 2H), 4.96 (s, 2H), 3.01-2.96 (m, 2H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 1.74-1.66 (m, 2H), 0.98 (t, 3H).

Example 170 Synthesis of 4-{[5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-2-propyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzonitrile; compound with ethane (180)

The reductive amination of 3-(5-formyl-2,4-dimethyl-6-propyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl)-benzonitrile (179) (675 mg, 2.18 mmol) and 4-aminobenzonitrile (516 mg, 4.4 mmol), was carried out as described in Example 21, gave 4-{[5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-2-propyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzonitrile (180) (324 mg, 36% yield).

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 7.86 (1H, s), 7.82 (d, 1H), 7.73 (d, 1H), 7.60(t, 1H), 7.47-7.43 (m, 2H), 6.76 (d, 2H), 4.91 (s, 2H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 2.8-2.74 (m, 2H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.75-1.62 (m, 2H), 0.976 (t, 3).

Example 171 Synthesis of 3-{5-[(4-Carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-2,4-dimethyl-6-propyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl}-benzamide (181)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (180) to bis-amidine (181) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (D₂O): δ 8.01 (1H, s), 7.92 (d, 1H), 7.86 (d, 1H), 7.75-7.69 (m, 3H), 6.90 (d, 2H), 5.12 (s, 2H), 4.48 (s, 2H), 3.02-2.97 (m, 2), 2.71 (s, 3H), 2.59 (s, 3H), 1.81-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.03 (t, 3H).

MS m/z (ES⁺): 445.17 (M+H⁺).

Example 172 Synthesis of 6-Cyclopropyl-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-isonicotinic acid methyl ester (182) and 2-Cyclopropyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester (183)

2-Cyclopropyl-5-ethoxy-4-methyl-oxazole (164) (10.0 g, 60.0 mmol) in neat acrylic acid methyl ester (20.6 g, 239 mmol) was refluxed for 4 hours. The reaction was cooled to 0° C., added anhydrous methyl alcohol and bubbled hydrogen chloride gas into the suspension for 15 minutes. The reaction flask with a rubber septum was kept in a fridge for overnight. The solid was filtered off and washed with methanol and diethyl ether. The filtrate was evaporated to give a crude residue, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a gradient mixture of ethyl acetate:hexane (0:1 to 1:4) as eluant to give 6-cyclopropyl-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-isonicotinic acid methyl ester (182) (3.71 g, 30% yield), and 2-cyclopropyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester (183) (1.34 g, 10% yield).

6-Cyclopropyl-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-isonicotinic acid methyl ester (182)

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 9.97 (s, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.09-2.00 (m, 1H), 0.86-0.77 (m, 4H).

2-Cyclopropyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester (183)

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 7.92 (s, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 2.72-2.63 (m, 1H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 0.99-0.96 (m, 4H).

Example 173 Synthesis of 5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-2-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester (184)

The coupling of 2-cyclopropyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester (183) (605 mg, 2.9 mmol) and α-bromo-m-tolunitrile (629 mg, 3.2 mmol), as described in Example 1, gave 5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-2-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester (184) (680 mg, 72% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.69-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.57-7.53 (m, 2H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 2.99-2.92 (m, 1H), 1.12-1.08 (m, 2H), 0.95-0.88 (m, 2H).

Example 174 Synthesis of 5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-2-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-nicotinic acid (185)

To a solution of 5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-2-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester (184) (500 mg, 1.55 mmol) in methanol (10 mL), added aqueous sodium hydroxide (10 mL, 1N) and stirred at room temperature for 3 days. Hydrochloric acid (5 mL, 12N) was added to the reaction mixture and methyl alcohol was evaporated. The precipitate was collected by filtration to give 5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-2-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-nicotinic acid (185) (300 mg, 63% yield).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.83-7.80 (m, 2H), 7.70-7.63 (m, 2H), 5.22 (s, 2H), 2.99-2.92 (m, 1H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 0.97-0.85 (m, 4H).

Example 175 Synthesis of 5-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-N-(4-cyano-phenyl)-2-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-nicotinamide (186)

The amide coupling of 5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-2-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-nicotinic acid (185) (230 mg, 0.7 mmol) and 4-amino-benzonitrile (106 mg, 0.9 mmol), as described in Example 67, gave 5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-N-(4-cyano-phenyl)-2-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-nicotinamide (186) (95 mg, 27% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.67 (s, 1H), 7.87-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.73-7.70 (m, 1H), 7.68-7.64 (m, 2H), 7.59-7.44 (m, 3H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 2.47-2.46 (m, 3H), 2.31-2.25 (m, 1H), 1.21-1.18 (m, 2H), 1.00-0.96 (m, 2H).

Example 176 Synthesis of 5-(3-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-N-(4-carbamimidoyl-phenyl)-2-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-nicotinamide (187)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (188) to bis-amidine (187) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (D₂O): δ 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.88-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.82-7.76 (m, 4H), 7.72-7.70 (m, 2H), 7.55 (t, 1H), 5.32 (s, 2H), 2.62 (s, 3H), 2.36-2.27 (m, 1H), 1.13-1.06 (m, 2H), 0.92-0.87 (m, 2H).

MS m/z (ES⁺): 443 (M+H⁺).

Example 177 Synthesis of 3-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-6-cyclopropyl-2-methyl-isonicotinic acid methyl ester (188)

The coupling of 6-cyclopropyl-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-isonicotinic acid methyl ester (182) (614 mg, 2.9 mmol) and α-bromo-m-tolunitrile (638 mg, 3.26 mmol), as described in Example 1, gave 3-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-6-cyclopropyl-2-methyl-isonicotinic acid methyl ester (188) (600 mg, 63% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.74-7.71 (m, 1H), 7.66-7.63 (m, 1H), 7.55-7.49 (m, 1H), 4.96 (s, 2H), 2.5 (s, 3H), 2.09-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.00-0.97 (m, 4H).

Example 178 Synthesis of 3-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-6-cyclopropyl-2-methyl-isonicotinic acid (189)

The hydrolysis of 3-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-6-cyclopropyl-2-methyl-isonicotinic acid methyl ester (188) (400 mg, 1.2 mmol), as described in Example 174, gave 3-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-6-cyclopropyl-2-methyl-isonicotinic acid (189) (248 mg, 65% yield).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.84-7.80 (m, 2H), 7.65-7.60 (m, 1H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 4.97 (s, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.16-2.07 (m, 1H), 0.95-0.82 (m, 4H).

Example 179 Synthesis of 3-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-N-(4-cyano-phenyl)-6-cyclopropyl-2-methyl-isonicotinamide (190)

The amide coupling of 3-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-6-cyclopropyl-2-methyl-isonicotinic acid (189) (112 mg, 0.4 mmol) and 4-amino-benzonitrile (51 mg, 0.4 mmol), as described in Example 67, gave 3-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-N-(4-cyano-phenyl)-6-cyclopropyl-2-methyl-isonicotinamide (190) (90.0 mg, 61% yield).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 8.23-8.20 (m, 4H), 7.85-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.76-7.73 (m, 1H), 5.01 (s, 2H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 1.79-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.16-1.01 (m, 4H).

Example 180 Synthesis of 3-(3-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-N-(4-carbamimidoyl-phenyl)-6-cyclopropyl-2-methyl-isonicotinamide (191)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (190) to bis-amidine (191) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (D₂O): δ 7.75-7.72 (m, 2H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.50 (m, 4H), 7.42-7.36 (m, 2H), 5.15 (s, 2H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 2.29-2.26 (m, 1H), 1.37-1.34 (m, 2H), 1.07-1.06 (m, 2H).

MS m/z (ES⁺): 443 (M+H⁺).

Example 181 Synthesis of 3-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-N-(3-cyano-phenyl)-6-cyclopropyl-2-methyl-isonicotinamide (192)

The amide coupling of 3-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-6-cyclopropyl-2-methyl-isonicotinic acid (189) (128 mg, 0.4 mmol) and 3-aminobenzonitrile (59 mg, 0.4 mol), as described in Example 67, gave 3-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-N-(3-cyano-phenyl)-6-cyclopropyl-2-methyl-isonicotinamide (192) (39.4 mg, 23% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 9.3 (s, 1H), 7.78-7.77 (m, 1H), 7.71-7.66 (m, 2H), 7.61-7.56 (m, 1H), 7.54-7.40 (m, 3H), 7.42 (m, 1H), 4.96 (s, 2H), 2.62 (s, 3H), 2.16-2.10 (m, 1H), 1.06-1.01 (m, 4H).

Example 182 Synthesis of 3-(3-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-N-(3-carbamimidoyl-phenyl)-6-cyclopropyl-2-methyl-isonicotinamide (193)

The conversion of bis-nitrile (192) to bis-amidine (193) was carried out as described in Example 2.

¹H-NMR (D₂O): δ 7.74-7.72 (m, 1H), 7.66-7.65 (m, 1H), 7.57-7.53 (m, 4H), 7.40-7.36 (m, 2H), 5.15 (s, 2H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 2.30-2.24 (m, 1H), 1.39-1.32 (m, 2H), 1.09-1.03(m, 2H).

MS m/z (ES⁺): 326 (M+H⁺).

Example 183 Synthesis of 4-{[4,6-Dimethyl-5-(3-hydroxyamidine-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-N-hydroxy-benzamidine (194)

To a mixture of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (2.2 g, 33 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.42 g, 33 mmol) in methyl alcohol (100 mL), was added 4-{[5-(3-cyano-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino-benzonitrile 32 (3 g, 8.1 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was evaporated to give crude product 4-{[4,6-dimethyl-5-(3-hydroxyamidine-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-N-hydroxy-benzamidine (194) (2.8 g), which was used in the next step without further purification.

Example 184 Synthesis of 4-{[5(3-Methoxyamidine-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-N-methoxybenzamidine hydrochloride (195)

A solution of aqueous sodium hydroxide (23 mL, 2 N, 46 mmol) was added to a solution of 4-{[4,6-dimethyl-5-(3-hydroxyamidine-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-N-hydroxy-benzamidine (194) (1.0 g) in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) at 0° C., followed by the addition of methyl iodide (1.29 g, 9.2 mmol) in 1,4-dioxine (0.5 mL). The ice bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The layer was evaporated, water added and the product was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic solution was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent gave a crude residue, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane:methyl alcohol (49:1) as an eluant to give 4-{[5-(3-methoxyamidine-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-N-methoxybenzamidine hydrochloride (195) (85 mg, 6% yield for two steps) as a colorless solid.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.64 (d, 1H), 7.56 (d, 1H), 7.48-7.41 (m, 3H), 6.62 (d, 2H), 4.90 (s, 2H), 4.32 (s, 2H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 2.31(s, 3H).

Example 185 Synthesis of 4-{[5(3-Ethoxy-amidine-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-N-ethoxybenzamidine hydrochloride (196)

The akylation of 4-{[4,6-dimethyl-5-(3-hydroxyamidine-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-N-hydroxy-benzamidine (194) (1 g) with ethyl bromide (0.99 g, 9.2 mmol), as described in Example 184, gave 4-{[5(3-ethoxy-amidine-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-N-ethoxybenzamidine hydrochloride (196) (84 mg, 6% yield for two steps).

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.11 (s, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.65 (d, 1H), 7.56 (d, 1H), 7.48-7.41 (m, 3H), 6.63 (d, 2H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 4.33 (s, 2H), 4.12-3.99 (m, 4H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.33-1.28 (m, 6H).

Example 186 Inhibition of Platelet Aggregation

Platelet rich plasma (PRP) was obtained by drawing whole blood from normal human donors (not on any medication) into sodium citrate tubes (3.2%), and centrifuging at 160×g for about 10 minutes. Platelet poor plasma (PPP) was obtained by centrifuging the remainder of the sample after the platelets were removed at 800×g for about 10 minutes. The PRP was adjusted to a count of 280×10⁹/L using a mixture of PRP and PPP. The platelets (200 μL) were incubated with the test compounds (25 μL) adjusted to various concentrations (5, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 μM) for about 30 minutes at room temperature (approximate final platelet count in the incubation mixture of 250×10⁹/L). The samples were incubated for about 3 minutes at about 37° C., and then transferred to the mixing wells of a Chrono-log 4 channel aggregometer (Chrono-log Corp., Havertown, Pa.). After baselines were established, agonist (25 μL of 40 μM ADP (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) or 25 μL of 50 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL collagen (Helena Laboratories, Beaumont, Tex.) or 25 μL of 120 μM thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP) (Sigma)) was then added. Aggregation was monitored for 5 minutes at 37° C. with stirring (1000 rpm). The amplitude and slope of each tracing were calculated to determine the amount of aggregation. Control samples were performed using only solvent. The % reduction in aggregation was calculated for each sample compared to the proper solvent control. See Table 1. TABLE 1 Platelet inhibition % Reduction in Aggregation Concentration Collagen Collagen ADP TRAP Compound (μM) (5 μg/mL) (1 μg/mL) (4 μM) (12 μM) 46 100 19 35 46 29 3 50 0 20 27 81 33 50 81 84 79 6 30 44 100 89 86 25 30 52 96 93 95 60 30 26 47 87 89 29 30 15 32 52 32 63 30 41 95 95 94 9 30 0 16 39 78 54 30 13 15 23 53 38 20 94 81 84 31 10 83 80 84 56 5 63 91 96 90

Example 187

Activity of Various Compounds of the Invention

A. Determination of Anti-factor Xa (FXa) Activity

The test compounds (40 μL) adjusted to various concentrations (0.25 to 100 μM) were incubated with 5 nM Human FXa (Calbiochem, San Diego, Calif.) enzyme in 125 mM Tris [Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane] buffer (pH 7.5) containing 375 mM sodium chloride and 0.25% polyethylene glycol (MW 8000) (80 μL) at room temperature for about 30 minutes. 80 μL of synthetic substrate Pefachrome® Xa (Pentapharm, Basel, Switzerland), adjusted to various concentrations from 125 μM to 1.25 mM, was added. The activity was measured at 37° C. by monitoring absorbance at 405 nM for 15 minutes using a FLUOstar OPTIMA™ (BMG Labtech GmbH, Offenburg, Germany) microplate reader. Control sample was the solvent alone. Each test compound was analyzed twice using 4 concentrations of compound plus control (in duplicate) with 5 concentrations of substrate (50, 100, 200, 300 and 500 μM). The specific activity (ΔA₄₀₅/min/nM enzyme) was determined for each data point. The Ki for competitive inhibition was then determined for each test compound using the Enzyme Kinetics module of Sigmaplot 8.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill.). The results (Ki) are shown in Table 2. TABLE 2 Anticoagulant Properties Ki Value (μM) Compounds Thrombin Factor Xa Trypsin 148 0.009 0.473 — 153 0.012 0.665 — 140 0.017 0.423 0.210 108 0.022 0.378 0.199 11 0.022 1.05 0.467 33 0.031 0.284 0.264 174 0.037 1.080 0.814 138 0.039 0.412 0.531 172 0.041 0.380 1.070 103 0.047 0.961 0.793 96 0.053 1.000 — 31 0.062 1.34 0.778 38 0.146 16.000 1.000 142 0.186 0.589 — 136 0.333 0.503 — 21 0.510 19.000 1.170 9 0.65 5.800 0.997 70 0.700 9.000 0.420 73 0.720 3.500 1.210 56 0.848 6.200 5.030 15 1.650 11.000 0.730 88 3.500 20.000 3.300 25 3.770 0.320 0.068 29 4.600 0.140 0.390 6 10.300 2.300 0.880 60 11.000 25.000 2.200 B. Determination of Anti-Thrombin (factor IIa) Activity

The test compounds (40 μL) adjusted to various concentrations (0.25 to 100 μM) were incubated with Human Thrombin (Calbiochem) enzyme (5 nM) in 31 mM Tris buffer (pH 8.3) containing 81 mM sodium chloride and 0.63% bovine serum albumin (fraction V)(80 μL) at room temperature for about 30 minutes. 80 μL of Pefachrome® Thr (Pentapharm) was adjusted to various concentrations, from 62.5 μM to 1.25 mM. The activity was measured at about 37° C. by monitoring absorbance at 405 nM for about 15 minutes using a FLUOstar OPTIMA™. Control sample was the solvent alone. Each test compound was analyzed twice using 4 concentrations of compound plus control (in duplicate) with 5 concentrations of substrate (50, 100, 200, 300 and 500 μM). The specific activity (ΔA₄₀₅/min/nM enzyme) was determined for each data point. The Ki for competitive inhibition was then determined for each test compound using the Enzyme Kinetics module of Sigmaplot 8.0 (SPSS). The results (Ki) are shown in Table 2.

C. Determination of Anti-Trypsin Activity

The test compounds (40 μL), adjusted to various concentrations (0.25 to 100 μM) were incubated with Human Trypsin (Calbiochem) enzyme (5 nM) in 125 mM Tris buffer (pH 7.5) containing 75 mM sodium chloride and 0.5% bovine serum albumin (fraction V) (80 μL) at room temperature for about 30 minutes. 80 μL of Pefachrome® Try (Pentapharm), adjusted to various concentrations from 125 μM to 1.25 mM, was added. The activity was measured at about 37° C. by monitoring absorbance at 405 nM for about 15 minutes using a FLUOstar Optima. Control sample was the solvent alone. Each test compound was analyzed twice using 4 concentrations of compound plus control (in duplicate) with 5 concentrations of substrate (50, 100, 200, 300 and 500 μM. The specific activity (ΔA₄₀₅/min/nM enzyme) was determined for each data point. The Ki for competitive inhibition was then determined for each test compound using the Enzyme Kinetics module of Sigmaplot 8.0 (SPSS). The results (Ki±standard error) are shown in Table 2. 

1. A compound of the formula:

wherein R¹ is —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)OH, where m is an integer from 0 to 8, where R⁷ is H, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is —NO₂, —NH₂, amidine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, —CN,

 R⁹ is H, OH, or O-alkyl, and where R⁸ is H, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)O-alkyl, where m, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)O-aryl-R⁶, where m, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where m and R⁶ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n is an integer from 0 to 8, and where R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-aryl-R⁶ where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above; —NH-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above; and —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above; R² is hydroxyl; halo; alkyl; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)—X, where m, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above, and where X is H, OH, F, Cl, or Br; —(CH₂)_(n)COOH, where n is as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)COO(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)CH₃, where m, n, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —CR⁷R⁸)_(m)NH(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)COOH, where m, n, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)—CHF₂, where m, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined as above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; NH-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above; and —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)N—CO—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above; R³ is (CR⁷R⁸)_(m)OH, where m, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)O-alkyl, where m, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)O-aryl-R⁶, where m, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where m and R⁶ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)OH, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)N—CO-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above; and —(CR⁷R⁸)—CO—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶ where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above; R⁴ is H, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, CHF₂, CHO, and R²; R⁵ is H, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, CHF₂, CHO, and R²; and at least two of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ have amidine groups; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of claim
 1. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein an alkyl is substituted with one or more of fluorine, chlorine, alkoxy groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or amido groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
 4. The compound of claim 3, wherein the alkoxy group is methoxy or ethoxy.
 5. The compound of claim 3, wherein the amido group is acetamido.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein an aryl group is a phenyl group, heteroaryl or a naphthyl group.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein an aryl group is substituted with one or more of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, alkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkoxy groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkoxyalkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and one or more oxygen atoms, or amido groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
 8. The compound of claim 7, wherein the alkyl group is methyl or ethyl.
 9. The compound of claim 7, wherein the alkoxy group is methoxy or ethoxy.
 10. The compound of claim 7, wherein the amido group is acetamido.
 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein an aryl group is substituted with one or more functional groups.
 12. The compound of claim 11, wherein the functional group is a hydroxy group, carboxy group, or acetoxy group.
 13. A compound of the formula The invention further provides an embodiment of the formula III:

wherein R¹ is hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or

where R⁶ is —NO₂, —NH₂, amidine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, —CN,

where R⁹ is H, OH, or O-alkyl; R₂ is CH₂OH; CH₂OCH₃; COZ, where Z=OH, OCH₃, OCH₂CH₃, or

where R⁶ is defined above; CH₂OBn; CH₃; CH₂F; CHF₂; CH₂—NH—(CH₂)_(m)—COZ, where m′=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and where Z is as defined above; or (CH₂)_(n)—COZ, where n′=1, 2 or 3, and where Z is as defined above; A is O or NH; W is C═O or (CH₂)_(n′), where n′ is as defined above; E is C═O; (CH₂)_(n′), where n′ is as defined above; or CHR¹⁰, where R¹⁰ is CH₂COZ, where Z is as defined above; Y is C—H, C—F, C—OCH₃, C—OCF₃, C—CF₃, or N; R⁴ is H; halo; aryl; cycloalkyl; arylalkyl; CHF₂; CHO; alkyl; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)—X, where m is an integer from 0 to 8, where R⁷ is H, F, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where R⁸ is H, F, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above, and where X is OH, F, or Br; —(CH₂)_(n)COOH, where n is an integer from 0 to 8; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)COO(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)CH₃, where m, n, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)NH(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)COOH, where m, n, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CHF₂, where n, R⁷ and R⁸ are defined as above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; NH-aryl-R⁶ where R⁶ is as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above; and —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above; R⁵ is H, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, CHF₂, CHO, and R⁴, where R⁴ is as defined above; and at least two of R¹, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ have amidine groups; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 14. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is 4-{4-fluoromethyl-2-methyl-5-[(4-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-methyl]-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl}-benzamidine.
 15. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is 4-{[5-(4-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine.
 16. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is 4-{[5-(3-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine.
 17. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is 3-[3-(4-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-5-(4-carbamimidoyl-phenoxymethyl)-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl]-propionic acid ethyl ester.
 18. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is 6-({3-(4-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-5-[(4-carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-amino)-hexanoic acid.
 19. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is 6-({3-(4-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-5-[(4′-carbamimidoyl-biphenyl-4-ylamino)-methyl]-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-amino) hexanoic acid.
 20. A method of treating cardiovascular, cerebro-vascular, or related diseases and symptoms in a mammal comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim
 1. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein said compound is administered enterally, parenterally, or by inhalation.
 22. A method of treating cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, or related diseases and symptoms in a mammal comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim
 13. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the compound is 4-{4-Fluoromethyl-2-methyl-5-[(4-carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-methyl]-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl}-benzamidine.
 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the compound is 4-{[5-(4-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine.
 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the compound is 4-{[5-(3-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine.
 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the compound is 3-[3-(4-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-5-(4-carbamimidoyl-phenoxymethyl)-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl]-propionic acid ethyl ester.
 27. The method of claim 22, wherein the compound is 6-({3-(4-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-5-[(4-carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-amino)-hexanoic acid.
 28. The method of claim 22, wherein the compound is 6-({3-(4-Carbamimidoyl-benzyloxy)-5-[(4′-carbamimidoyl-biphenyl-4-ylamino)-methyl]-2-methyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl}-amino) hexanoic acid.
 29. The method claim of 20, wherein the compound is administered concurrently with another therapeutic agent.
 30. The method claim of 22, wherein the compound is administered concurrently with another therapeutic agent.
 31. A method of treating a mammal post-surgically comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to claim 1 following a surgical procedure.
 32. A method of claim 31, wherein the surgical procedure is a hip replacement or invasive cardiovascular surgery.
 33. A method of claim 31, wherein the invasive cardiovascular surgery is coronary artery bypass graft or heart valve replacement.
 34. A method of claim 31, wherein the surgical procedure is angioplasty.
 35. A method of claim 34, wherein the angioplasty is coronary, pulmonary, peripheral, intracranial, extracranial carotid, renal, and aortic angioplasty.
 36. The method of claim 31, wherein the compound is administered concurrently with another therapeutic agent.
 37. The method of claim 31, wherein the compound is coated on a medical device.
 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the medical device is an intravascular stent or catheter.
 39. A method of treating a mammal post-surgically comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to claim 13 following a surgical procedure.
 40. A method of claim 39, wherein the surgical procedure is a hip replacement or invasive cardiovascular surgery.
 41. A method of claim 40, wherein the invasive cardiovascular surgery is coronary artery bypass graft or heart valve replacement.
 42. A method of claim 39, wherein the surgical procedure is angioplasty.
 43. A method of claim 42, wherein the angioplasty is coronary, pulmonary, peripheral, intracranial, extracranial carotid, renal, and aortic angioplasty.
 44. The method of claim 39, wherein the compound is administered concurrently with another therapeutic agent.
 45. The method of claim 39, wherein the compound is coated on a medical device.
 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the medical device is an intravascular tent or catheter.
 47. The method of claim 20, wherein said other therapeutic agent is an anti-platelet agent, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, or anticoagulant.
 48. The method of claim 47, wherein said anti-platelet agent is clopidogrel, aspirin, or dipyridamole.
 49. The method of claim 47, wherein said glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor is integrillin or abcixamab.
 50. The method of claim 47, wherein said anticoagulant is unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparins, AT-III binding pentasaccharides and heparin-derived oligosaccharides, hirudin, argatroban, bivaluridin, or coumadin.
 51. The method of claim 22, wherein said other therapeutic agent is an anti-platelet agent, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, or anticoagulant.
 52. The method of claim 51, wherein said anti-platelet agent is clopidogrel, aspirin, or dipyridamole.
 53. The method of claim 51, wherein said glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor is integrillin or abcixamab.
 54. The method of claim 51, wherein said anticoagulant is unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparins, AT-III binding pentasaccharides and heparin-derived oligosaccharides, hirudin, argatroban, bivaluridin, or coumadin.
 55. A compound of the formula

wherein R¹ is hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or

where R⁶ is —NO₂, —NH₂, amidine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, —CN,

where R⁹ is H, OH, or O-alkyl R⁴ is H; halo; aryl; cycloalkyl; arylalkyl; CHF₂; CHO; alkyl; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)—X, where m is an integer from 0 to 8, where R⁷ is H, F, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where R⁸ is H, F, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above, and where X is OH, F, or Br; —(CH₂)_(n)COOH, where n is an integer from 0 to 8; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)COO(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)CH₃, where m, n, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)NH(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)COOH, where m, n, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CHF₂, where n, R⁷ and R⁸ are defined as above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; NH-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above; and —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above; R⁵ is H, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, CHF₂, CHO, and R⁴, where R⁴ is a defined above; G is C═O or (CR⁷R⁸)_(n′), where n′=0, 1, 2 or 3, where R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above; Y is C—H, C—F, C—OCH₃, C—OCF₃, C—CF₃, or N; and at least two of R¹, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ have amidine groups; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 56. A method of treating cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, or related diseases and symptoms in a mammal comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim
 55. 57. The method of claim 56, wherein said compound is administered enterally, parenterally, or by inhalation.
 58. The method claim of 56, wherein the compound is administered concurrently with another therapeutic agent.
 59. A compound of the formula

wherein R¹ is hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or

 where R⁶ is —NO₂, —NH₂, amidine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, —CN,

where R⁹ is H, OH, or O-alkyl; G is C═O or (CR⁷R⁸)_(n′), where n′=0, 1, 2, or 3, where R⁷ is H, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where R⁸ is H, F, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkyl-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above; R⁴ is H; halo; aryl; cycloalkyl; arylalkyl; CHF₂; CHO; alkyl; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)—X, where m is an integer from 0 to 8, where R⁷ and R⁸, and where X is OH, F, Cl, or Br; —(CH₂)_(n)COOH, where n is an integer from 0 to 8; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)COO(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)CH₃, where m, n, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(m)NH(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)COOH, where m, n, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CHF₂, where n, R⁷ and R⁸ are defined as above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above; NH-aryl-R⁶, where R⁶ is as defined above; —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above; and —(CR⁷R⁸)_(n)—CO—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above; R⁵ is H, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, CHF₂, CHO, and R⁴, where R⁴ is as defined above; and at least two of R¹, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ have amidine groups; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 60. A method of treating cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, or related diseases and symptoms in a mammal comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim
 59. 61. The method of claim 60, wherein said compound is administered enterally, parenterally, or by inhalation.
 62. The method claim of 60, wherein the compound is administered concurrently with another therapeutic agent.
 63. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is 4-{[4,6-Bis-fluoromethyl-5-(3-amidine-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine.
 64. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is 4-{5-[(4-Carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-2,4-bis-fluoromethyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl}-benzamidine.
 65. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is 4-{[5-(3-Amidine-benzyloxy)-6-fluoro-methyl-4-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine.
 66. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is 4-{[4-Fluoromethyl-5-(3-amidine-benzyloxy)-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine.
 67. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is 4-{5-[(4-Carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-6-cyclopropyl-4-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl}-benzamidine.
 68. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is 4-{[5-(3-Amidine-benzyloxy)-6-hydroxymethyl-4-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine.
 69. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is 3-{5-[(4-Carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-6-cyclopropyl-4-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl}-benzamidine.
 70. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is 3-{5-[(4-Amidino-phenylamino)-methyl]-4-ethyl-2-methyl-pyridin-3-yloxymethyl}-benzamidine.
 71. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is 4-{5-[(3-amidino-phenylamino)-methyl]-2,4-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yloxy}benzamidine.
 72. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is 4-{[5-(3-Amidine-benzyloxy)-6-formyl-4-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-benzamidine.
 73. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is 4-{[4,6-Dimethyl-5-(3-hydroxyamidine-benzyloxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-N-hydroxy-benzamidine.
 74. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is 4-{[5(3-Methoxyamidine-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-N-methoxybenzamidine hydrochloride.
 75. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is 4-{[5(3-Ethoxy-amidine-benzyloxy)-4,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-N-ethoxybenzamidine hydrochloride.
 76. The method of claim 20, wherein the compound is administered as a prodrug.
 77. A compound of the formula:

wherein R¹ is hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkyl-aryl-R⁵, where R⁵ is —CN, amidine, alkyl, or cycloalkyl; R² is alkyl; —(CH₂)_(m)—X, where m is an integer from 1 to 8 and X is OH or halo; —(CH₂)_(n)COOH, where n is an integer from 0 to 8; —(CH₂)_(n)COO(CH₂)_(n)CH₃, where n is as defined above; —(CH₂)_(n)NH(CH₂)_(n)COOH, where n is as defined above; —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl-R⁶, where n is as defined above, and R⁶ is —CN or amidine; —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n and R⁶ are as defined above; —(CH₂)_(m)—CHF₂, where m is defined as above; —(CH₂)_(n)—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n is as defined above and R⁶ is as defined above; —(CH₂)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-R⁵, where n and R⁵ are as defined above; —(CH₂)_(n)—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n and R⁶ are as defined above; —(CH₂)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-aryl-R⁷, where n is as defined above and R⁷ is —CN, —NO₂, NH₂, or amidine; and —NH-aryl-R⁷ where R⁷ is as defined above; R³ is —(CH₂)_(m)OH, where m is as defined above; —(CH₂)_(n)—NH-aryl-R⁶, where n is as defined above and R⁶ is as defined above; —(CH₂)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-R⁵, where n and R⁵ are as defined above; —(CH₂)_(n)—NH-aryl-aryl-R⁶, where n and R⁶ are as defined above; —(CH₂)_(n)—NH—CO-aryl-aryl-R⁷, where n is as defined above and R⁷ is —CN, —NO₂, NH₂, or amidine; and —NH-aryl-R⁷, where R⁷ is as defined above; R⁴ is H, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, CHF₂, CHO, and R², where R² is as defined above; and at least two of R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ have amidine groups; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 78. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of claim
 77. 79. The compound of claim 77, wherein an alkyl is substituted with one or more of fluorine, chlorine, alkoxy groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or amido groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
 80. The compound of claim 79, wherein the alkoxy group is methoxy or ethoxy.
 81. The compound of claim 79, wherein the amido group is acetamido.
 82. The compound of claim 78, wherein an aryl group is a phenyl group or a naphthyl group.
 83. The compound of claim 77, wherein an aryl group is substituted with one or more of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, alkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkoxy groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkoxyalkyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and one or more oxygen atoms, or amido groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
 84. The compound of claim 83, wherein the alkyl group is methyl or ethyl.
 85. The compound of claim 83, wherein the alkoxy group is methoxy or ethoxy.
 86. The compound of claim 83, wherein the amido group is acetamido.
 87. The compound of claim 77, wherein an aryl group is substituted with one or more functional groups.
 88. The compound of claim 87, wherein the functional group is a hydroxy group, carboxy group, or acetoxy group.
 89. A compound of the formula:

wherein R¹ is hydroxyl, O-alkyl, or

where R⁸ is

where R⁹ is H, OH or O-alkyl; G is C═O or (CH₂)_(n′) where n=0, 1, 2 or 3; Y¹, Y², Y³, Y⁴, and Y⁵ are C—H and optionally one of Y¹-Y⁵ is N; and R¹⁰ is H, F, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CF₃; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 90. A method of treating cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, or related diseases and symptoms in a mammal comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim
 89. 91. The method claim of 90, wherein the compound is administered concurrently with another therapeutic agent. 